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Organic Chemistry Notes What is organic chemistry? Study of molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen as their major elements Biochemistry The branch of organic chemistry that deals with the molecules of life Elements that make up biochemical molecules include Sulphur Phosphorus Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Put altogether, the first letter of each word spells out the acronym “SPONCH” Where do organisms get these six elements from? – provides the hydrogen and oxygen Carbon dioxide – provides carbon and oxygen to plants for photosynthesis Nitrogen, as well as sulfur and phosphorus – are captured by soil bacteria from the air (nitrogen), or from molecules in the soil (sulfur and phosphorus), to create usable chemicals like nitrates and phosphates Water Organisms Organisms, from bacteria to mammals, are made up of cells that contain highly complex biochemical molecules What are these organic molecules? – make up cell parts or cells, such as muscle Carbohydrates – are stored as sugars or starches in plants; can be used as antenna by animal cells; provide energy for all cells Nucleic Acids – make up DNA and RNA in nucleus and cell Lipids – make up cell membranes, act as insulation if a fat lipid, makes skin and hair smooth if an oil lipid Proteins Do we use inorganic molecules as well? – minerals are incorporated into some organic molecules or float around as ions in blood plasma, interstitial fluid between cells and inside cell cytoplasm. For instance, Iron can be gotten from eating red meats to make hemoglobin in red blood cells Zinc, necessary for skin production, is gotten from vegetables Yes Vitamins Work with enzymes to make chemical reactions happen Vitamin A – helps normal vision, reproduction, growth, immunity, healthy skin, fights cancer; carrots, green veggies, egg yolk, milk Vitamin B – helps brain and nerve function, is part of red blood cell formation, keeps skin healthy; turkey, liver, potatoes, bananas, tuna, chili peppers Vitamin C – helps form connective tissue which joins all other tissues; citrus fruits Vitamin D – helps add calcium to make strong bones and teeth; we make it from the sun’s UV radiation Vitamin K – blood clotting, adding calcium to bone; most veggies, milk and cheese, cereal What is the function of carbon? Carbon forms the backbone of the biochemical molecules Many carbons covalently bonded can form a ring, a linear chain or a branched chain. Straight Chain Branched Chain Ring What are functional groups? Special molecule attachments that allow carbon based molecules to react with each other Permits the formation of bigger, more complex molecules. Amino group Carboxyl group Functional Groups used by Biochemicals http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/far abee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Dehydration synthesis The formation of covalent bonds between functional groups on two or more organic molecules when an enzyme remove a water molecule from between the functional groups on two organic molecules Allows your body to perform the process of anabolism Hydrolysis (hydro = water lysis = breakdown) the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules; occurs when an enzyme replaces water into a covalent bond to break it Also called digestion or catabolism Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
