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Macromolecules & Monomers Monomer (Building Block) Polymer (Macromolecules) Amino acid Protein Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Polysaccharide Nucleotides Nucleic acids Lipids Synthesis & Degradation Synthesis & Degradation Dehydration Reactions Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer H Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Polymerization Hydrolysis Reactions Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer H Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Polymerization & Degradation Monomer Monomer H Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Protein Functions • Enzymes – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Transport – Transmembrane, systemic, intracellular • Structural – Collagen, keratin, fibroin, cytoskeletal components • Mechanical – Muscle contraction, dynein & kinesin, cilia & flagella • Protection – Antibody, fibrinogen, keratin • Killing – Complement, toxins • Information processing – Signal transduction, rhodopsin, RNA & DNA polymerase Peptide Functions • Glutathione – 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate • Oxytocin – Lactation & Uterine contractions • Neuropeptide Y & Galanin – Appetite stimulating • Cholecyostokinin & -melanocyte – Appetite suppression • Vasopressin & Atrial natriuretic factor – Increases / Decreases blood pressure • Met-enkephalin & Leu-enkephalin – Opioid peptides • Substance P & Bradykinin – Pain perception Amino Acids • -Carbon – Hydrogen atom – Amino group – Carboxyl group – One of 20 R-groups (side chains) Amino Acids CODES & SYMBOLS • Each amino acid has a trivial name, a 3-letter code, and a 1letter symbol –The code is usually the first three-letters of the trivial name – Exceptions: asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), isoleucine (Ile), & tryptophan (Trp) Peptide Bond Amino Acids & Proteins • Short amino acid polymers – – – – – – 2 residues -- dipeptide 3 residues – tripeptide 6 residues -- hexapeptide 12 - 20 residues -- oligopeptide Many residues – polypeptide Functional -- protein Protein Primary Structure Primary Structure Primary structure determine folding Secondary Structure Secondary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure Proteins • One or more polypeptide chains – Monomer, dimer, trimer, oligomer, multimer – Homodimer, heterodimer, homotrimer, etc. • Subunits often designated as , , , , Amino Acids & Proteins Disulfide Bonds Amino Acids & Proteins Quaternary Structure Fibrous proteins Quaternary Structure Globular proteins Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n 3 carbons -- triose 4 carbons – tetrose 5 carbons -- pentose 6 carbons -- tetrose Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n 2 monosaccharides - disaccharide 3 monosaccharides trisaccharide several monosaccharides - oligosaccharide many monosaccharides - polysaccharide Carbohydrates Starch & Glycogen Carbohydrates Lipids – Fatty Acids Lipids – Fatty Acids Lipids Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Lipids – Sterols Lipids – Sterols Lipids – Fatty Sterols Lipids – Waxes Lipids Nucleotides Nucleotides Nucleotides Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Nucleotides & Nucleic acids Nucleotides & Nucleic acids
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