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Chemical Senses:Gustation Background Basic Complex Organs Anatomy Gustatory Taste receptor Neural categories offlavors of taste Transduction the Pathway cells tongue 1. Mechanism Each by activates which different detectcombination chemicals 3. Taste food stimuli may: weacan Circuit Bitter Types Basic process of basic tastes in both the internal and external environment a. Pass directly through an ion channel (salt 2. System I Salt 3. Chemical receptors in the arteries in the Gustation 3. Papillae and Olfaction have similar tasks 1. Tongue Sour NT release from taste cells causes an AP in 3. G-protein Chemicals activates in the environment an effector that enzymeare 1.Chemoreceptors in skin and mucous 1. When taste receptor is activated by the 4. Systems are separate and different and 2.Most 2. Taste foods and olfaction have distinctive are the most flavor familiar as a and a. Bitter sour) tastants can directly block a K+ 1. Na+ flows down a concentration gradient 3. Information is relayed to the thalamus 3. System II neck measure CO2 & O2 levels in the blood 1. Basic tastes 1. Salty 2. Taste distribution 1. a. Detection Small projections of environmental chemicals a. Primary organ Sweetness 1. Foods that are sour have high acidity the gustatory afferent axon 3. adenylate deleterious H+Not also cyclase blocks often have a(cAMP K+ channel asmell bitter produced) flavor membranes warn us about irritating chemicals appropriate neurons chemical, its membrane potential only merge at higher levels of cortical function result chemical of their senses taste and occurring b. channel Bind to (same and block transduction ion channels mechanisms (sour and as into taste receptor cell (most salts are Na+ (VPM--ventral posterior medial nucleus) a. Bitter tastant binds bitter receptor 4. Sensory endings in the muscles a. Bitter across 2. the Sour back a. Most of the tongue is receptive to 2. b. Both Each are papillae required has to one perceive to several flavor 2. Pharynx, palate and epiglottis have some 1. Molecules that are sweet bind to specific a. Acids (HCl) when dissolved inendings water Three cranial nerves (VII, IX and X) 4. Net cAMP Senses movement causes have evolved a of K+ + channel into primarily the cell to be to depolarizes blocked protect 2. Nerve endings in the digestive organs changes a. Form synapses with the a. Have different chemoreceptors simultaneously 3. Many types of chemically sensitive cells bitter) acids) salts--NaCl) 4. Information then goes to the primary b. G-protein activates an effector enzymerespond to acidity b. Sour on side 3. closest Sweet to the back all basic tastes 3. hundred Both have taste strong buds and direct connections sensitivity receptor sites and activate a cascade of 2nd generate H+ ions innervate taste buds & carry taste information the 5. and Cell taste preserve depolarizes cell (opens a Ca++ channel and detect many types of ingested substances a. Receptor of gustatory potential afferent axons near the b. Use different transduction pathways 3. Other sensory modalities may contribute to a. Chemoreceptors c. b. Bind Cell depolarizes to and open ion channels (some sweet 2. Na+ increase within the cell depolarizes gustatory cortex (parietal lobe) phospholipase C a. Burning sensation experienced during c. Salty on side more rostral than sour 4. Bitter i. Regions are most sensitive to a to 4. our Each most taste basic bud needs has 50-150 taste cells 3. Nasal passages are located so that odors messengers in certain taste cells 2. H+ ions pass through the same channel from tongue, palate, epiglottis & esophagus causes 6. b. Ca++ Ability NT channel to release) detect opens bitter and has Ca++ two separate in a. Viral agents may release chemicals into 2. Depolarizing bottom of the receptor taste bud potential cause Ca++ c. Have separate connections to the brain a i.membrane unique Distributed food-tasting throughout experience the body amino c. Ca++ acids) channel is opened and Ca++ in and opens a voltage dependent is released from intracellular storage anaerobic exercise results from lactic acid d. Sweet across front given taste a. 5. Thirst, Taste hunger, cells are emotion, only 1% sex, of the and tongue certain can enter through the nose or pharynx and 2. Molecules bind receptor that Na+ does (how do we discriminate a. Efferent target of this information is (some 7. mechanisms NT released the GI tract that cause discomfort, activate to enter the cytoplasm d. Have different effects on behavior a. Texture, temperature, pain sensitivity ii. Report subconsciously and consciously Bind to membrane receptors that activate NT released Ca++ channel d. Ca++ increase causes NT release formation forms epithelium of memory contribute to the perception of flavor between salt and sour then?) gustatory nucleus in the medulla i. May result from this evolutionary pressure vomiting reflexes, etc. a. Triggers the release of NT hot and spicy flavors are actually a about our internal state 2nd messenger systems in turnpain open 3. Ca++ increase causesthat the release of NTor response) close ion channels (sweet and bitter) Exit BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Home