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Blood Transfusion
What is a Blood Transfusion?
• Blood transfusion is a medical
procedure that needs to be
ordered by a physician.
• It is the introduction of blood
or blood components directly
into the bloodstream of an
individual.
How is Blood Transfused?
• Blood is
transfused
using a needle,
which is placed
into a vein
usually in the
arm of a
patient.
What are blood components?
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Whole Blood (WB)
Packed Cell (PC)
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Concentrated Platelet
Cryo Precipitation
Albumin
…….
What is Donated Blood Tested
for?
• Blood type and red blood cell
antibodies
• Syphilis
• Viruses:
HIV (which causes AIDS)
Hepatitis B & C
HTLV
Why do I need a blood test
before a transfusion?
Your blood will be tested
against the donor units
to be sure they are a
good match for you and
your blood type
What are some of the risks
associated with blood transfusions?
• Allergic reactions, with hives (1%).
• Fever. Increase in temperature (1%).
• Hemolytic reactions. Rare, testing prior to
transfusion reduces the risk
(approximately .001%).
• Incompatible red cells. Sometimes the
patient will react to donor red cells
because they are a different type.
• Bacterial contamination. Uncommon, most
often associated with platelet transfusion.
• Infectious disease transmission (HIV,
Hepatitis C ,Hepatitis B ,West Nile Virus ,
CJD(
What are some Alternatives to
Blood Transfusion?
• Autologous Transfusion
• Directed Transfusion
• Blood Dilution
• Blood Salvage (recycling)
• Controlled Hypotension
• Drugs
What is an Autologous
Donation?
• An autologous donation enables
you to donate and store your
own blood prior to elective
surgery. This stored blood will
then be used, if needed,
during or after your surgery
Why use Autologous Blood?
• It removes the risk of disease
transmission and transfusion
reactions.
• It eliminates the risk of
alloimmunization, i.e., developing
antibodies against the cells.
What is a Directed Donation?
• In certain circumstances, family
members who have the same
blood types are regular blood
donors and able to donate blood
for a relative.
• The most commonly used directed
donation is ‘parent to child’.
What is Blood Dilution?
This process occurs during
surgery. Also known as
hemodilution, blood dilution is a
process where 2-3 units of
blood are removed and replaced
with fluids. The blood is
returned to the patient, if
required.
What is Blood Salvage?
During or after surgery, patients
may encounter blood loss. In
some circumstances, blood can be
recycled using a blood salvage
machine to collect, filter and
return blood to the patient.
What drugs are used in conjunction with
transfusion and how are they used?
• Drug that increases the hemoglobin
level is erythropoietin.
• Drugs that reduce bleeding
(antifibrinolytic activity)include:
aprotinin, tranexamic acid, and
epsilon amino caproic acid.
• Drugs may be administered before
or during surgery.