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Chapter 3
Is it Possible to Supplement Your
Way to Better Health?
Nutrients and Membrane Transport
Fourth Edition
BIOLOGY
Science for Life | with Physiology
Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture prepared by
Jill Feinstein
Richland Community College
1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Nutrients: substances in foods that provide
structural materials or energy
 Macronutrients: nutrients that are required in large
amounts
 Water
 Adults need about 3 liters per day
 Too little leads to dehydration
 Maintains blood pressure
 Involved in all cellular activities
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Carbohydrates: main energy source
 Simple sugars (glucose) enter our system
quickly
 Complex carbohydrates (branching chains of
simple sugars) are digested more slowly
 Starch: complex carbohydrate from plants
 Glycogen: complex carbohydrate from animals
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Processed food
 Food that has undergo processing that has
stripped it of its nutritional value
 Whole foods
 Foods that have not been stripped of their
nutrition
 Fiber: indigestible complex carbohydrates
 Essential for large intestine function
 Lowers cholesterol and reduces cancer risk
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Proteins
 Polymers of amino acids
 Essential amino acids: we cannot make these
ourselves; must obtain them from food
 Complete proteins: contain all the essential
amino acids we need
 Plant proteins can be combined to make them
complete.
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Fats
 Energy storage molecules
 Acts as a cushion and insulator
 Consist of a glycerol attached to fatty acid tails
 Essential fatty acids: we cannot make these
ourselves (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6)
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Fats
 Saturated fats: fatty acid carbons are bound
to as much hydrogen as possible
 Lack double bonds
 Solid at room temperature
 Most animal fats are saturated
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Fats
 Unsaturated fats are not bound to as much
hydrogen as possible
 Contain double bonds which give kinks in the tails
 Liquid at room temperature
 Most plant fats (oils) are unsaturated or
polyunsaturated
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1 Nutrients - Macronutrients
 Fats
 Polyunsaturated fats
 Have many double bonds preventing it from
tightly packing
 Hydrogenation
 Process that adds hydrogen atoms to
unsaturated fats to make it a solid
 Trans fats are produced by incomplete
hydrogenation and not beneficial
 May be linked to an increased risk of heart
disease and diabetes
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1 Nutrients - Micronutrients
 Micronutrients: nutrients that are needed in
small quantities
 Vitamins: Table 3.1 lists the various vitamins
 organic substances which usually function as
coenzymes
 Vitamin D the only one we can synthesize
 Water-soluble vitamins
 Not stored in the body and typically the cause of
deficiencies
 Fat-soluble vitamins
 Stored in fat and can cause problems in excess
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1 Nutrients - Micronutrients
 Minerals: inorganic substances
 Do not contain carbon but essential for cell functions
 Must be supplied through diet and are water soluble
 Calcium is a very important mineral that plays a role
in bones, clotting, muscle contraction and nerve
impulses
 Table 3.2 lists the various minerals and their
functions
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1 Nutrients - Micronutrients
 Antioxidants
 Found in whole foods
 Protect cells from damage by free radicals
 Free radicals can damage DNA and cell membranes
 Table 3.3 describes food sources of antioxidants
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Nutrients have to
move across the
cell membrane
in order to be used
by the cell.
 Plasma membrane
is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer
& is differentially
permeable
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Diffusion: movement of molecules from area of
high concentration to low concentration
 Passive transport: diffusion of small hydrophobic
molecules without energy
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Facilitated diffusion: transport of hydrophilic and
charged molecules across the membrane.
 Uses proteins embedded in the membrane
 No input of energy required
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Osmosis: movement of water across a
membrane, from high to low concentration.
 When an animal cell is placed in salt water it will
shrivel
 When an animal cell is placed in distilled water it
will swell and burst
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Active transport
 Uses proteins to move molecules from low to high
concentration
 Powered by energy from ATP
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2 Transport Across Membranes
 Exocytosis: a membrane-bound vesicle fuses
with the membrane and expels the large molecule
 Endocytosis: a vesicle forms around a large
molecule and brings it into the cell
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Animation: Passive and Active Transport
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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BioFlix: Membrane Transport
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2 You are what you eat
 Food is digested into building blocks used by cells
for various functions and structures
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What serves as the major source of energy for
cells?

water molecules

carbohydrates

dietary fiber

proteins
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What serves as the major source of energy for
cells?

water molecules

carbohydrates

dietary fiber

proteins
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following describes a processed
food?

foods that have been stripped of most of their
nutritional value

foods that have not been stripped of their
nutritional value

foods that are also called roughage and cannot be
digested

foods that have additional vitamins and minerals
added
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following describes a processed
food?

foods that have been stripped of most of their
nutritional value

foods that have not been stripped of their
nutritional value

foods that are also called roughage and cannot be
digested

foods that have additional vitamins and minerals
added
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A fatty acid tail contains carbon that is double
bonded to hydrogen. Which of the following
statements correctly describes this structure?

This is an example of a saturated fat.

The double bonds flatten the structure.

This is an unsaturated fat and would be liquid
at room temperature.

This would be a solid at room temperature.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A fatty acid tail contains carbon that is double
bonded to hydrogen. Which of the following
statements correctly describes this structure?

This is an example of a saturated fat.

The double bonds flatten the structure.

This is an unsaturated fat and would be liquid
at room temperature.

This would be a solid at room temperature.
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What is the only vitamin our cells can
synthesize?

vitamin A

vitamin B

vitamin C

vitamin D
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What is the only vitamin our cells can
synthesize?

vitamin A

vitamin B

vitamin C

vitamin D
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Charged amino acids enter the cell
through _____.

passive diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

exocytosis
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Charged amino acids enter the cell
through _____.

passive diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

exocytosis
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If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell,
then

osmosis will cause water to move into the cell.

osmosis will cause water to move out of
the cell.

osmosis will not cause any water to move.

osmosis will cause the to burst.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell,
then

osmosis will cause water to move into the cell.

osmosis will cause water to move out of
the cell.

osmosis will not cause any water to move.

osmosis will cause the to burst.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements is correct?

K+ will move from high
concentration to low
concentration; ATP is used.

K+ will move from low
concentration to high
concentration; ATP is used.

K+ will move from high
concentration to low
concentration; ATP is not used.

K+ will move from low concentration to
high concentration; ATP is not used.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements is correct?

K+ will move from high
concentration to low
concentration; ATP is used.

K+ will move from low
concentration to high
concentration; ATP is used.

K+ will move from high
concentration to low
concentration; ATP is not used.

K+ will move from low concentration to
high concentration; ATP is not used.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.