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30
General, Organic, and
Biochemistry, 8e
Bettelheim, Brown
Campbell, & Farrell
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30-1
30
Introduction
to Chemistry 32B
Spring 2009
CHAPTER 30
NUTRITION
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30-2
30 Nutrition
• Nutrients: the components of food and drink that
provide growth, replacement, and energy:
1. Carbohydrates
H C
CH
H C
CH
2.
Lipids
H C
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins
Viamin D
(Promotes Calcium and phosphate
5. Minerals
absorption and mobilization.
6. Water
3
CH 3
H3 C CH3
CH3
3
CH 2 OH
CH3
Viamin A
Vis ion, to heal eye
and skin injuries
3
3
2
CH 3
O
CH3
C
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
CH 3
CH 3
O
•Digestion: the hydrolysis of starches, fats, and proteins into
Vitamin E
(Antioxidant)
CH3
CH2 -CH = C- CH2
smaller units that can be absorbed and metabolized.
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O
Vitamin K
Blood clotting)
6
30-3
30 The Food Guide Pyramid
RDA ~ DRI
Dietary
reference
intakes
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30-4
30 The Food Guide Pyramid
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30-5
30 Calories
• Nutritional calorie (Cal): 1000 cal or 1 kcal.
• Basal caloric requirement: the energy
requirement for a resting body.
• ~2900 calories/day for ACTIVE
•~2000 calories/day for sedentary
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30-6
30 Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g
• Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in a
diet; the main dietary carbohydrates are:
• The polysaccharide starch.
• The disaccharides lactose and sucrose.
• The monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
C6H12O6
Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth:
a-Amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a-1,4glycosidic bonds of starch and glycogen.
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30-7
30
Artificial sweeteners
sweet taste~ no calories . ..
•450Xs sweeter
•then Sucrose
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•
100-150Xs sweeter
•then Sucrose
30-8
30 Proteins: 4 kcal/g
• Dietary proteins can be used for energy,
• main use  amino acids:
body can synthesize its own proteins.
• Digestion of proteins -- cooking, denatures
• Proteins: HCl stomach hydrolyzes.
• Most protein digestion occurs in the small intestine.
• complete protein: A dietary protein that contains all
essential amino acids. Casein (milk)
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30-9
30 Proteins
• Figure 30.4 Different enzymes catalyze the
hydrolysis of peptide chains at different specific
sites.
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30-10
30 Proteins: not all = complete
• Gelatin, which is denatured collagen, is an incomplete
protein because it lacks Trp, and is low in Ile and Met.
• Corn protein is low in Lys and Trp.
• Rice is low in Lys and Thr.
• Wheat protein is low in Lys.
• Legumes are low in Met and Cys.
Trp
• Soy protein is very low in Met.
Lys
Protein complementation: diet of two or more proteins
complement each other’s deficiencies; for example:
Vegetarians:
1. Rice + tofu
(Japan, China)
2. Corn tortilla + beans
(Central S. America)
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3. Lentils
+ rice
(India)
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30-11
30 Fats: 9 kcal/g
• Fats are the most concentrated source of energy.
• Lipases, enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids,
• Bile salts, (in liver), emulsify water-insoluble dietary
fats  acted upon by lipases.
Which fat is
unsaturated? And why?
Which is solid at room temp?
Which is liq at room temp?
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30-12
30 Vitamins and Minerals
• Fat-Soluble vitamins (Non Polar)
CH 3
H3 C CH3
H3 C
H3 C
CH3
CH 2 OH
H2 C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Viamin A
Vis ion, to heal eye
and skin injuries
Viamin D
(Promotes Calcium and phosphate
absorption and mobilization.
CH 3
HO
CH3
H3 C
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
CH 3
CH 3
O
Vitamin E
(Antioxidant)
CH3
CH2 -CH = C- CH2
O
6
Vitamin K
Blood clotting)
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30-13
30 Vitamins and Minerals
• Water-Soluble Vitamins (Polar)
O
N
H3 C
N
N
N
S
N
CH 2 OH
N
N
CH2
N
CH 3
Cl B1 (Thiamine)
(Coenzyme in oxidative
decarboxylation and
pentose phosphate shunt)
H
COOH
O
N
Nicotinic acid
(Niacin)
Coenzyme in
oxidative processes)
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2 OH
See Table 30.2
B12
(Part of methyl-removing
enzyme in folate metabolism)
B2 (Riboflavin)
(Coenzyme in oxidative
processes ))
CHO
HO
H3 C
CH2 OH
N
B6 (Pyeridoxal)
(Coenzyme in
transLearning,
aminations
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Inc. ,
and heme synthesis
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H 2N
N
N
N
N
H
N
COOH
O
CNH CH CH 2 CH 2 COOH
OH
Folic acid
(Coenzyme in methylation
and in DNA s ynthes is)
30-14
30 Vitamins and Minerals
Mineral
Function
RDA
Potassium
Povides membrane potential
3500 mg
Sodium
Osmotic pressure
2000-2400 mg
Calcium
Bone formation; hormonal function;
blood coagulation; muscle contraction
800-1200 mg
Chloride ion
Os motic pressure
1700-5100 mg
Phosphorus
Balancing calcium in diet
800-1200 mg
Magnesium
Cofactor in enzymes
280-350 mg
Iron
15 mg
Zinc
Oxidative phosphorylation;
hemoglobin
Cofactor in enzymes; insulin
Copper
Manganese
Oxidative enzymes cofactor
Bone formation
1.5-3.0 mg
2.0-5.0 mg
Chromium
Glucos e metabolis m
0.05 - 0.2 mg
Molybdenum
Cobalt
Protein synthesis
Component of vitamin B
0.075-0.250 mg
0.05 mg
Selenium
Fat metabolis m
0.05-0.07 mg
Iodine
Thyroid glands
150-170 g
Enamel formation
1.5-4.0 mg
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Fluorine
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12
12-15 mg
30-15
FOOD for Performance Enhancement
30
Anthony Almada, BSc, MSc
Cofounder and former CSO
EAS, Pioneering Research
on Creatine
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30-16
30
SUMMARY
Chapter 30-Nutrition
• 1. 6 groups of nutrients:
(Carbs, Fats, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, water)
•2. Carbohydrates: major source of E in diet
•3. Fats (lipids): have most concentrated Energy: 9 kcal/g
•4. Protein: degraded by body to A.A.  specific proteins
5. Deficiency in Vit./minerals nutritional diseases:
(Vit A – bad night vision)
(Vit C –scurvy)
Vegetarians (B vitamins, folic acid) –
anemia
CHECK OUT NUTRITION CLASS (F.C.S.19-Nutrition),
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Sharon Antonelli
30-17
30
GOAL of TODAY
• Expose to basics or organic molecular structure:
Carbohydrates(starch)
Tri-glycerides (fats)
CH 3
H3 C CH3
H3 C
H3 C
CH3
CH 2 OH
CH3
CH3
H2 C
CH3
Viamin A A
Vitamin
Vis ion, to heal eye
and skin injuries
Viamin D
(Promotes Calcium and phosphate
absorption and mobilization.
Amino acids
CH 3
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
CH 3
CH 3
O
Vitamin E
(Antioxidant)
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CH3
CH2 -CH = C- CH2
O
Vitamin K
6
30-18
30
Introduction to Chemistry 32B - Spring 2009
FOR WEDNESDAY
PLEASE READ
Week of
Page No. in Text
(Wed) 1/28
70-83
269-282
Chapter, WS, & Lab
3
10
Topics
Chemical bonds (Review)
Organic Chemistry
Updated Syllabus
CH 3
H3 C CH3
CH3
CH 2 OH
CH3
Viamin A
Vis ion, to heal eye
and skin injuries
Text: General, Organic and Biochemistry, Bettelheim, Brown and
CH 3 March, 7th ed. 2004,
HO
Thomson-Brookes/Cole:
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3 C
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O
CH 3
30-19
Vitamin E
(Antioxidant)
C