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Drug Control Centre Research Papers- Peer-reviewed Journals 2008 Walker, C.J., Cowan, D.A., James, V.H.T., Lau, J.C.Y., Kicman, A.T. Doping in sport-2. Quantification of the impurity 19-norandrostenedione in pharmaceutical preparations of norethisterone (2008) Steroids, . Article in Press. Parkin, M.C., Turfus, S.C., Smith, N.W., Halket, J.M., Braithwaite, R.A., Elliott, S.P., Osselton, M.D., Cowan, D.A., Kicman, A.T. Detection of ketamine and its metabolites in urine by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2008) Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 876 (1), pp. 137-142. Holt, R.I.G., Erotokritou-Mulligan, I., Ridley, S.A., McHugh, C.M., Bassett, E.E., Cowan, D.A., Bartlett, C., Sönksen, P.H. A determination of the pre-analytical storage conditions for insulin like growth factor-I and type III procollagen peptide (2008) Growth Hormone and IGF Research, . Article in Press. Cowan, D.A. Drug testing. (2008) Essays in biochemistry, 44, pp. 139-148. Hintikka, L., Kuuranne, T., Leinonen, A., Thevis, M., Schänzer, W., Halket, J., Cowan, D., Grosse, J., Hemmersbach, P., Nielen, M.W.F., Kostiainen, R. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of glucuronide- conjugated anabolic steroid metabolites: Method validation and interlaboratory comparison (2008) Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 43 (7), pp. 965-973. Cowan, D.A., Kicman, A.T., Kubli-Garfias, C., Welchman, H.J. Ion trap MS/MS of intact testosterone and epitestosterone conjugates-Adducts, fragile ions and the advantages of derivatisation (2008) Steroids, 73 (6), pp. 621-628. Erotokritou-Mulligan, I., Bassett, E.E., Bartlett, C., Cowan, D., McHugh, C., Seah, R., Curtis, B., Wells, V., Harrison, K., Sönksen, P.H., Holt, R.I.G. The effect of sports injury on insulin-like growth factor-I and type 3 procollagen: Implications for detection of growth hormone abuse in athletes (2008) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93 (7), pp. 2760-2763. McGrath, J.C., Cowan, D.A. Drugs in sport (2008) British Journal of Pharmacology, 154 (3), pp. 493-495. Graham, M.R., Baker, J.S., Evans, P., Kicman, A., Cowan, D., Hullin, D., Thomas, N., Davies, B. Physical effects of short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration in abstinent steroid dependency (2008) Hormone Research, 69 (6), pp. 343-354 Christakoudi, S., Cowan, D.A., Taylor, N.F. Sodium ascorbate improves yield of urinary steroids during hydrolysis with Helix pomatia juice (2008) Steroids, 73 (3), pp. 309-319. Cited 2 times. Drug Control Centre Research Papers- Peer-reviewed Journals 2007 Michael R. Graham, Julien S. Baker, Peter Evans, Andrew Kicman, David Cowan, David Hullin and Bruce Davies. Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic–androgenic steroid users; Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 2007, 17, 328-335. Graham MR, Davies B, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D and Baker JS. Recombinant human growth hormone in abstinent androgenic-anabolic steroid use: Psychological, endocrine and trophic factor effects; Current Neurovascular Research, 2007, 4, 9-18. Walton MJ, Anderson RA, Kicman AT, Elton RA, Ossowska K, Baird DT. A diurnal variation in testicular hormone production is maintained following gonadotrophin suppression in normal men. Clin Endocrinol 2007;66:123-9. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Hullin D, Davis B. Evidence for a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors following recombinant growth hormone administration in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Growth Horm. IGF Res 2007; Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 2007, 17, 201-209. 2006 Christiaan Bartlett, Gerard J. Clancy, David A. Cowan and James F. Healy. Detection of the administration of human erythropoietin (HuEPO) to canines. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2006, 30(9): 663-669. Graham MR, Grace FM, Boobier W, Hullin D, Kicman A, Cowan D, et al. Homocysteine induced cardiovascular events: a consequence of long term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006;40:644-8. Extended proceedings 2006Walker CJ, Cowan DA, Taylor NF, Kicman AT. Determination of xenobiotic glucocorticoids by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In: Schanzer W, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, Mareck U, eds. Recent Advances in Doping Analysis (14) - Proceedings of the Manfred Donike Workshop. Koln: Sport und Buch Strauss, 2006;35-44. Reviews 2006David A. Cowan. Drug Testing; Essays in Biochemistry, 2008, 44, 139-148 Kicman AT, Parkin MC, Iles RK. An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics - Detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2007;260:212-27. David Cowan. Drugs of abuse: Body fluid testing; Addiction, 2006, 101(4): 611-612. Drug Control Centre 2006Research Papers- Peer-reviewed Journals Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Hullin D, Davis B. Evidence for a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors following recombinant growth hormone administration in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Growth Horm. IGF Res 2007 in press Christiaan Bartlett, Gerard J. Clancy, David A. Cowan and James F. Healy. Detection of the administration of human erythropoietin (HuEPO) to canines. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2006, 30(9): 663-669. Walton MJ, Anderson RA, Kicman AT, Elton RA, Ossowska K, Baird DT. A diurnal variation in testicular hormone production is maintained following gonadotrophin suppression in normal men. Clin Endocrinol 2007;66:123-9. Graham MR, Grace FM, Boobier W, Hullin D, Kicman A, Cowan D, et al. Homocysteine induced cardiovascular events: a consequence of long term anabolicandrogenic steroid (AAS) abuse. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006;40:644-8. Extended proceedings Walker CJ, Cowan DA, Taylor NF, Kicman AT. Determination of xenobiotic glucocorticoids by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In: Schanzer W, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, Mareck U, eds. Recent Advances in Doping Analysis (14) Proceedings of the Manfred Donike Workshop. Koln: Sport und Buch Strauss, 2006;35-44. Reviews Kicman AT, Parkin MC, Iles RK. An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics - Detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2007;260:212-27. 2001-2005 Research Papers - Peer-reviewed Journals Cawood ML, Field HP, Ford CG, Gillingwater S, Kicman AT, Cowan D, Barth JH. Testosterone measurements by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: validation of a method for routine clinical practise. Clin Chem 2005;51:1472 - 1479 Malatos S, Neubert H, Kicman AT, Iles RK. Identification of placental transforming growth factor beta and bikunin metabolites as contaminants of pharmaceutical human chrorionic gondadotrophin preparations by proteomic techniques. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005;4:984-992. Bassindale T, Cowan DA, Dale S, Leeds AR, Hutt AJ, Wheeler MJ, Kicman AT. Effects of oral administration of androstenedione on plasma androgens in young women using hormonal contraception. J Clin Endo Metab 2004;89: 6030-6038. Brady BM. Walton M, Hollow N, Kicman AT, Baird DT, Anderson RA. Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2658-2667 Jacoby ES, Kicman AT, Iles RK. Identification of post-translational modifications resulting from LHbeta polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-offlight mass spectrometric analysis of pituitary LHbeta core fragment. J Mol Endocrinol 2003;30:239-52. Hendrik Neubert, Kevin A. Knights, Yolanda R. de Miguel, and David A. Cowan. MALDI TOF Post-Source Decay Investigation of Alkali Metal Adducts of Apolar Polypentylresorcinol Dendrimers. Macromolecules, 2003, 36(22), 8297– 8303. Kicman AT, Bassindale T, Cowan DA, Dale S, Hutt AJ, Leeds AR. Effect of androstenedione ingestion on plasma testosterone in young women; a dietary supplement with potential health risks. Clin Chem 2003;49:167-9 (technical brief). Kicman AT, Fallon JK, Cowan DA, Walker C, Easmon S, Mackintosh D. Candida albicans in urine can produce testosterone: impact on the testosterone/epitestosterone sports drug test. Clin Chem 2002;48:1799-801 (technical brief). Kinniburgh D, Zhu H, Cheng L, Kicman AT, Baird DT, Anderson RA. Oral desogestrel with testosterone pellets induces consistent suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia in both Caucasian and Chinese men. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1490-1501. Forsling ML, Fallon JK, Shah D, Tilbrook GS, Cowan DA, Kicman AT, et al. The effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135:649-56. Fallon JK, Shah D, Kicman AT, Hutt AJ, Henry JA, Cowan DA, et al. Action of MDMA (ecstasy) and its metabolites on arginine vasopressin release. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;965:399-409. Neubert H, Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Bansal SS. Synthesis of a dendron and dendrimer consisting of MALDI matrix like branching units. Tetrahedron Letters 2002;43:6723-6727. Neubert H, Jacoby ES, Bansal SS, Iles RK, Cowan DA, Kicman AT. Enhanced affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS: Orientation of an immunoglobulin G using recombinant protein G. Anal Chem 2002;74:3677-3683. Speciation of Fe(III)-chelate complexes by electrospray ionization ion trap and laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Hendrik Neubert, Robert C. Hider and David A. Cowan. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2002, 16, 1556-1561. Forsling M, Fallon JK, Kicman AT, Hutt AJ, Cowan DA, Henry JA. Arginine vasopressin release in response to the administration of 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): is metabolism a contributory factor? J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1357-63. Extended Proceedings Bassindale T, Cowan DA, Dale S, Hutt AJ, Leeds AR, Kicman AT. Disposition of androstenedione and testosterone following oral administration of androstenedione to healthy female volunteers; influence on the urinary T/E profile. In: Schanzer W, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, Mareck U, eds. Recent Advances in Doping Analysis (10) Proceedings of the Manfred Donike Workshop. Koln: Sport und Buch Strauss, 2002;51-60. Reviews James VHT, Kicman AT (first draft authors). Medical aspects of drug use in the gym. Drug Therap Bull. 2004;42:1-5. Drug Abuse in Sport. David A Cowan and Ed Houghton in Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, Eds A C Moffat, M D Osselton and B Widdop, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2004, 134-147. Kicman AT, Gower DB. Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives. Ann Clin Biochem 2003;40:321-56. 1996-2000 Research Papers - Peer-reviewed Journals Jacoby ES, Kicman AT, Laidler P, Iles RK. Determination of the glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-core fragment by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2000;46:1796803. Kicman AT, Coutts SB, Cowan DA, Handelsman DJ, Howe CJ, Burring S, et al. Adrenal and gonadal contributions to urinary excretion and plasma concentration of epitestosterone in men--effect of adrenal stimulation and implications for detection of testosterone abuse. Clin Endocrinol 1999;50:661-8. Fallon JK, Kicman AT, Henry JA, Milligan PJ, Cowan DA, Hutt AJ. Stereospecific analysis and enantiomeric disposition of 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in humans. Clin Chem 1999;45:1058-69. Butler SA, Laidler P, Porter JR, Kicman AT, Chard T, Cowan DA, et al. The betasubunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin exists as a homodimer. J Mol Endocrinol 1999;22:185-92. M A Popot, E Lacabaratz, P Garcia, V Laroute, Y Bonnaire, P L Toutain and D A Cowan. New approaches to detect cortisol administration in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1999, 31, 278-284. Henry JA, Fallon JK, Kicman AT, Hutt AJ, Cowan DA, Forsling M. Low-dose MDMA ("ecstasy") induces vasopressin secretion [research letter]. Lancet 1998;351:1784. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Houghton E, Kicman AT, Marshall DE. Discrimination of mammalian growth hormones by peptide-mass mapping. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1998;12:975-81. Wheeler MJ, Zhong YB, Kicman AT, Coutts SB. The measurement of testosterone in hair. J Endocrinol 1998;159:R5-8. J.K. Fallon, A.T. Kicman, A.J. Hutt, D.A. Cowan and J.A. Henry. Enantiomeric analysis of MDMA (Ecstasy) in plasma and urine by capillary GC: a preliminary investigation of the stereoselective disposition in man. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1998, 50 (Supplement): 117. Kicman AT, Miell JP, Teale JD, Powrie J, Wood PJ, Laidler P, et al. Serum IGF-I and IGF binding proteins 2 and 3 as potential markers of doping with human GH. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;47:43-50. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Kicman AT. Characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin microheterogeneity by capillary electrophoresis: potential application for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1997;3:487-491. Coutts, S. B., Kicman, A. T., Hurst, D. T. & Cowan, D. A. 1997, 'Intramuscular administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone heptanoate: changes in urinary hormone profile', Clin Chem, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 2091-8. M. A. Popot, E. Houghton, A. Ginn, M. Jones, P. Teale, T. Samuels, V Lassourd, N. Dunnett, D.A. Cowan, Y. Bonnaire and P.L. Toutain. Cortisol concentration in post competition horse urine: A French and British Survey. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1997, 29,226-229. D.H. Catlin, D.A. Cowan, R. de la Torre, M. Donike, D. Fraisse, H. Oftebro, C.K. Hatton, B. Starcevic, M. Becchi, X. de la Torre, H. Norli, H. Geyer and C.J. Walker. Urinary testosterone (T) to epitestosterone (E) ratios by GC-MS. I. Comparison of uncorrected T/E in six international laboratories. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 1996, 31, 397-402. Extended Proceedings Approaches to the analysis of protein hormones. Discrimination of mammalian growth hormones by peptide-mass mapping. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians. 2000; pp54-57. S.K. Tee, G.P. Martin, A.R. Leeds, C. Walker, A. Kicman, D.A. Cowan, J. Fallon and C. Marriott. In vitro/in vivo evaluation of the performance of two lactose carrierbased dry powder aerosol formulations for the delivery of salbutamol to the lung. Proceedings of drug delivery to the lung XI. London, 2000, 176-179. A D Ginn, D A Cowan and E Houghton. Approaches to the Analysis of Protein Hormones: 1. Detection of administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Vancouver, Canada, 1998, 49-53. D E Marshall, P Teale, A T Kicman, P Laidler, D A Cowan, H A Davies, R George and E Houghton. Approaches to the Analysis of Protein Hormones: 2. Discrimination of Mammalian Growth Hormones by Peptide-Mass Mapping. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Vancouver, Canada, 1998, 54-57. M A Popot, P Garcia, L Dehennin, Y Bonnaire, V Lassourd, V Laroute, P L Toutain and D A Cowan. ACTH Administration and Detection in the Horse. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Vancouver, Canada, 1998, 131-138. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Kicman AT. Qualitative analysis of hCG for confirmatory purposes. In: Schanzer W, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, Mareck-Engelke U, eds. Recent Advances in Doping Analysis (4) - Proceedings of the Manfred Donike Workshop. Koln: Sport und Buch Strauss, 1997:285-304. D A Cowan. Testing for drug abuse. The Clinical Pharmacology of Sports and Exercise. Proceedings of the Esteve Foundation Symposium VII, Sitges, Spain, 2-5 October 1996, eds Thomas Reilly and Michael Orme, Exerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1997, 13-20. Sarah B. Coutts, Andrew T. Kicman, David A. Cowan. Intramuscular administration of 5-dihydrotestosterone heptanoate: changes in the urinary hormone profile. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis (4), Proceedings of the Manfred Donike Workshop 14th Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis 17th to 22nd March 1996, eds. W. Schänzer, H. Geyer, A. Gotzmann, U. Mareck-Engelke, Sport und Buch Strauß, Cologne, 1997, 173-183. M. A. Popot, V. Laroute, E. Lacabaratz, P. Garcia, P.L. Toutain and D.A. Cowan. New Approaches to Detect Cortisol Administration: A Preliminary Study. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Queensland, Australia. Eds. D.E. Auer and E. Houghton, R and W Publications, Newmarket, 1996, 62-67. Reviews Henrik Olesen, David Cowan, Rafael de la Torre, Ivan Bruunshuus, Morten Rohde and Desmond Kenny. Properties and Units in the Clinical Laboratory Sciences. Part XII. Properties and Units in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. (Technical Report) (IFCC-IUPAC 1999). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2000, 72, 479-552. Cowan DA, Laidler P. Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism. Drug Metabolism: Towards the Next Millenium, Editor N J Gooderham, IOS Press, 1998, 159-174. David A. Cowan. Drug Abuse. Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. Second Edition. Editors M. Harries, C. Williams, W D Stanish and L J Micheli, Oxford University Press, 1998, 339-353. D A Cowan and A T Kicman. Doping in Sport; Misuse, Analytical Tests and Legal Aspects. Clinical Chemistry, 1997, 43, 1110-1113. Ivan Bruunshuus, Karina Klempel, David Cowan, Gilbert Hill and Henrik Olesen. Transmission of the results of tests for IOC defined Drugs of Abuse. J. Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications, 1996, 687, 157-182. David Cowan. The Misuse of Drugs in Sport. Science in Parliament, 1996, 53, No 4, 4-7. 1991-1995 Research Papers - Peer-reviewed Journals Kicman AT, Coutts SB, Walker CJ, Cowan DA. Proposed confirmatory procedure for detecting 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone doping in male athletes. Clin Chem 1995;41:1617-27. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Keane A, Kicman AT. Tryptic mapping of human chorionic gonadotropin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1995;9:1021-6. Developing an immunoassay for the anabolic steroid stanozolol. N.J. Barrett, A.T. Kicman, S.Bansal, D.A. Cowan. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1995, 1, 87-89. Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Myhre L, Nilsson S, Tomten S, Oftebro H. Effect on sports drug tests of ingesting meat from steroid (methenolone)-treated livestock. Clin Chem 1994;40:2084-7. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Kicman AT. New decision limits and qualitycontrol material for detecting human chorionic gonadotropin misuse in sports. Clin Chem 1994;40:1306-11. Popot M. A., Garcia P., Bonnaire Y., Fournier F., Lassourd V. and Cowan D.A.. Study of Cortisol Metabolites Using MS Methods. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Stockholm. Eds. P. Kallings, U. Bondesson and E. Houghton, 1994, 132-135. Kicman AT, Oftebro H, Walker C, Norman N, Cowan DA. Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone use by athletes. Clin Chem 1993;39:1798-803. Laidler P., Cowan D.A., Hider R.C., Kicman A.T. and O'Sullivan S.P.J.. Establishment of a new urinary threshold for use in the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) misuse in sport. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (conference proceedings), 1993, 45. Southan GJ, Brooks RV, Cowan DA, Kicman AT, Unnadkat N, Walker CJ. Possible indices for the detection of the administration of dihydrotestosterone to athletes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992;42:87-94. Cowan D.A., Kicman A.T., Walker C.J. and Wheeler M.J. Effect of administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin on criteria used to assess testosterone administration in athletes. Journal of Endocrinology, 1991, 131, 147-154. Extended Proceedings Edited by David A. Cowan and Andrew T Kicman, 1994. Proceedings of 4th Permanent World Congress on Doping in Sport, September 1993, Scientific Meeting, London. Kicman Andrew T., Coutts Sarah B., Walker Christopher J. and Cowan David A.. Detection of dihydrotestosterone administration in sport. In Proceedings of 4th Permanent World Congress on Doping in Sport, September 1993, Scientific Meeting, London. Edited by David A. Cowan and Andrew T Kicman, 1994, p 16-31. Cowan David. Olympic Medication Control. In Proceedings of the Testing for Therapeutic Medications, Environmental and Dietary Substances in Racing Horses Workshop, Lexington, Eds. T. Tobin, G.D. Mundy, S.D. Stanley, R.A. Sams and D.L. Crone, 1994, p 49-52. Cowan David. In-House Thresholds for Therapeutic Medications in Olympic Medication Testing. In Proceedings of the Testing for Therapeutic Medications, Environmental and Dietary Substances in Racing Horses Workshop, Lexington, Eds. T. Tobin, G.D. Mundy, S.D. Stanley, R.A. Sams and D.L. Crone, 1994, p 87-91. Kicman A T, Cowan D A, Hider R C and Laidler P. Human chorionic gonadotropin doping in sport: establishing a threshold limit in urine and preparation of a quality control. Proceeding of the Association of Clinical Biochemists National Meeting, 1994, 25-26. Cowan D.A. Doping and the rules of sport. in Proceeding of International Symposium on Sport and Law, International Athletic Foundation, 1992, 73-74. Catlin D., Cowan D., Donike M., Fraisse D., Oftebro H. and Rendic S. Testing urine for drugs. Annales De Biologie Clinique, 1992, 50, 359-366. Catlin D., Cowan D., Donike M., Fraisse D., Oftebro H. and Rendic S. Testing urine for drugs. Journal of Automatic Chemistry, 1992, 14, 85-92. Catlin D., Cowan D., Donike M., Fraisse D., Oftebro H. and Rendic S. Testing urine for drugs. Clinica Chimica Acta, 1992, 207, S13-S26. Reviews Gower DB, Houghton E, Kicman AT. Anabolic steroids:metabolism, doping and detection. In: Makin HLJ, Gower DB, Kirk DN, eds. Steroid analysis. First edition. ed. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional (imprint of Chapman & Hall), 1995:468--526. Cowan DA, Kicman AT. Doping with Peptide Hormones. In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI. Blood samples in doping control. Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing). 1994:39-52. Cowan David A.. Drug Abuse. Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. Editors M. Harries, C. Williams, W D Stanish and L J Micheli, Oxford University Press, 1994, 314-329. Cowan David A.. Drug Abuse. In ABC of Sports Medicine, Eds. Greg McLatchie, Mark Harries, John King and Clyde Williams, BMJ, London, 1994, p 54-56. Cowan David A. and Kicman Andrew T. Peptide Hormone Doping in Human Sports. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Stockholm. Eds. P. Kallings, U. Bondesson and E. Houghton, 1994, 195-199. Cowan David A.. Drug Testing in Human Sports. The Biochemist, 1993, 18-22. Catlin Don H. and Cowan David A.. Clinical Chemistry, 1992, 38, 1685-1686. Detecting Testosterone Administration. Kicman AT, Cowan DA. Peptide hormones and sport: misuse and detection. Br Med Bull 1992;48:496-517. Kicman AT, Brooks RV, Cowan DA. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and sport. Br J Sports Med 1991;25:73-80. . Cowan David A. Biochemical aspects of substances banned by the IOC. Drug Controversy in Sport. The Socio-Ethical and Medical Issues. Editors R.S. Laura and S.W. White, Allen and Unwin, Australia. 1991, 58-79. Cowan D.A. Use and abuse of drugs in sport. Documenta Ciba-Geigy, 1991, II.91, 6-7. Cowan DA. Therapeutic Drugs: Monographs on anabolic steroids Ed C Dollery. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1991. up to 1990 All publications A. Ginn, E. Houghton and D.A. Cowan.Testosterone and hCG administration approaches to the problem. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Harare, 1990, 147-156. Kicman AT, Brooks RV, Collyer SC, Cowan DA, Nanjee MN, Southan GJ, et al. Criteria to indicate testosterone administration. Br J Sports Med 1990;24:253-64. D.A. Cowan. Drugs of abuse: metabolism, analysis and clinical implications. Screening methods. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1990, 337, 48-49. P.Y.L. Choi, A.C. Parrott and D. Cowan. High-dose anabolic steroids in strength athletes: effects upon hostility and aggression. Human Psychopharmacology, 1990, 5, 349-356. P. Choi, A.C. Parrott and D.A. Cowan. Adverse behavioural effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: a brief review. Clinical Sports Medicine, 1989, 1, 183-187. S.L. Hart, S.C. Friend and D.A. Cowan. Alteration of w and k opioid receptor mediated activity in mice by an anabolic steroid. Advances in the Biosciences, 1989, 75, 659-662. D.A. Cowan, S. Ozkirimli and A.H. Beckett. The identification and determination of some metabolites of trimipramine. Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica, 1988, 25, 141-150. D.A. Cowan and G. Woffendin. Drug testing in human sports. Spectra, 1988, 11, 4-9. D.A. Cowan, A. Noormohamidi and G. Woffendin Two assays for dihydrocodeine in plasma and in urine and their use to determine the bioavailability of a controlled release product. J. Pharm. Sci., 1988, 77, 606-609. S.L. Hart, S.C. Friend, A. Gibson and D.A. Cowan. The effect of an anabolic steroid and chronic exercise on nociception and plasma corticosterone levels in rats. Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society, 1988. T.J. Lavelle, D.A. Cowan and L.H. Patterson. Degradation of doxorubicin by myoglobin. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1987, 15, 958. D.A. Cowan. Identification of Drugs Misused in Sport. Analytical Proceedings, 1987, 24, 69-70. D.A. Cowan, S. Friend, A. Gibson and S.L. Hart. Effect of chronic treatment with methyltestosterone or methenolone on the sensitivity of mice to morphine. Br. J. Pharmac., 1986, 89, 515P. Cowan D.A., Friend S., Gibson A., Ginsburg M. and Hart S.L. Stress-inducedantinociception and morphine sensitivity in mice following chronic treatment with anabolic/androgenic steroids. Progress in Opioid Research; Proceedings of the 1986 International Narcotics Research Conference. NIDA Research Monograph Series #75. 1986, 343-346. Cowan DA. Philosophy and practice of drug abuse in sport. Part II. Scientific Considerations. Development of drugs and modern medicines. Editors J.W. Gorrod, G.G. Gibson and M. Mitchard. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. 1986, 573-578. Ozkirimli S, Cowan DA and Beckett AH. In-vitro metabolism of desmethyltrimipramine to yield hydroxylamino compound. Acta Pharm. Suec., 1986, 23, 57-59 Patterson LH, Hall G, Nijjar BS, Khatra PK and Cowan DA. In-vitro metabolism of lignocaine to its N-oxide. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1986, 38, 326. Moss MS and Cowan DA. Drug abuse in sport. Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs. Senior Editor Moffat AC. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1986, 87100. Cowan DA. Prescribing for sportsmen in training. British Medical Journal, 1985, 290, 298-9. Papadopoulos AS, Crammer JL and Cowan DA. Phenolic metabolites of thioridazine in man. Xenobiotica, 1985, 15, 309-316. Cowan DA, Patterson LH, Damani LA and Gorrod JW. Metabolism of 4-substituted N-ethyl-N-methylanilines: Chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of and N-oxidation metabolic products formed in vitro. Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1982, 9, 233-240. Crooks PA, Damani LA and Cowan DA. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of metyrapone during N-oxide formation. Chemistry and Industry, 1981, 335-336. Damani LA, Crooks PA and Cowan DA. Metabolism of metyrapone. 2. Chromatographic and mass spectral properties of the N-oxides of metyrapone and metyrapol. Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1981, 8, 270-277. Damani LA, Crooks PA and Cowan DA. Metabolism of Metyrapone.3. Formation of an Alpha-Pyridone Metabolite by Rat Hepatic Soluble Enzymes. Drug Metab. Disposition, 1981, 9, 270-273. Crooks PA, Damani LA and Cowan DA. Synthesis of N-oxide derivatives of metyrapone and their detection as in vitro metabolites. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1981, 33, 309-312. Cowan DA. Gas chromatographic analysis of drugs abused in sport. Doping Control of Athletes, ed. Rogozkin VA and Litvinova VN, Soyuzsportobespechenie, Moscow, 1980, 83-95. Gorrod JW, Bryan J, Cowan DA and Damani LA. The in vitro metabolism of 3acetylpyridine, 3-acetylpyridine-N-oxide and 1-(3-pyridyl)ethanol. Microsomes, Drug Oxidations and Chemical Carcinogenesis, Vol. 2, ed. Coon MJ, Conney AH,. Estabrook RW, Gelboin HV, Gillette JR and O'Brien PJ, Academic Press, New York, 1980, 961-964. Damani LA, Bryan J, Cowan DA and Gorrod JW. The origin of 1-(3-pyridyl-Noxide)ethanol as a metabolite of 3-acetylpyridine. Xenobiotica, 1980, 10, 645-653. Beckett AH and Cowan DA. Misuse of Drugs in Sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1979, 12, 185-194. Cowan DA. Mass Spectrometry as an aid to the Identification of N-oxygenated Organic Molecules. Biological Oxidation of Nitrogen, ed. J.W. Gorrod, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978, 263-268. Cowan DA, Damani LA and Gorrod JW. Metabolic N-oxidation of 3-substituted pyridines: Identification of Products by Mass Spectrometry. Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, 1978, 5, 551-556. Beckett AH and Cowan DA. Pitfalls in drug metabolism methodology. Drug Metabolism in Man, Taylor Francis, London, 1978, 237-257. Cowan DA. Gas Chromatography. Annual Reports B, The Chemical Society, London, 1976, 68, 11-22. Cowan DA, Huizing G, Beckett AH. Identification of four new metabolic products of metoclopramide using mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica, 1976, 6, 605-616. Cowan DA. Problems in the analysis of N-oxygenated products of the phenothiazines. Methodological Developments in Biochemistry, Vol. 5: Assay of Drugs and other Trace Compounds in Biological Fluids, ed. E. Reid, ASP Biological and Medical Press, Amsterdam, 1976. Essien EE, Cowan DA and Beckett AH. Metabolism of Phenothiazines: Identification of N-oxygenated products by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1975, 27, 334-342. Beckett AH and Cowan DA. The dissolution rate of digoxin tablets on the U.K. market: the scale of the problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1974, 50 (Suppl. 6), 52-55. Beckett AH and Cowan DA. Differences in the dissolution rate of generic digoxin tablets. Pharm. J., 1973, 111-112.