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PART III:
Drugs and Poisons
A low LD50 indicates _____.
a)that 50 mg can be ingested without harm to humans
b)a high toxicity
c)a low toxicity
d)that the compound is not harmful to humans
e)that 50% of the time ingestion causes mild symptoms
of toxicity
A low LD50 indicates _____.
a)that 50 mg can be ingested without harm to humans
b)a high toxicity
c)a low toxicity
d)that the compound is not harmful to humans
e)that 50% of the time ingestion causes mild symptoms
of toxicity
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for a variety of
pesticides.
List the pesticides in order
of ORAL toxicity,
from the LEAST toxic
to the MOST toxic.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for a variety of
pesticides.
List the pesticides in order
of ORAL toxicity,
from the LEAST toxic
to the MOST toxic.
a) Chlorothalonil
b) Trifluralin
c) Glyphosate
d) Iprodione
e) Paraquat
f) Oxydemetonmethyl
g) Carbofuran
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for a variety of
pesticides.
List the pesticides in order
of DERMAL toxicity,
from the LEAST toxic
to the MOST toxic.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for a variety of
pesticides.
List the pesticides in order
of DERMAL toxicity,
from the LEAST toxic
to the MOST toxic.
a) Chlorothalonil
b) Glyphosate
c) Carbofuran
d) Trifluralin
e) Iprodione
f) Paraquat
g) Oxydemetonmethyl
The dose-response curve below shows the LD50 curves for four
different substances. Based upon this LD50 data, which
substance is LEAST toxic?
a)Substance A
b)Substance B
c)Substance C
d)Substance D
The dose-response curve below shows the LD50 curves for four
different substances. Based upon this LD50 data, which
substance is LEAST toxic?
a)Substance A
b)Substance B
c)Substance C
d)Substance D
Exposure to low amounts of a chemical over long
periods of time is _________.
a)acute exposure
b)persistent exposure
c)easier to detect in a person’s system than high
exposure over short periods of time
d)chronic exposure
e)not very common
Exposure to low amounts of a chemical over long
periods of time is _________.
a)acute exposure
b)persistent exposure
c)easier to detect in a person’s system than high
exposure over short periods of time
d)chronic exposure
e)not very common
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for four pesticides. Based upon this data,
which of the following statement lists pesticide exposures in order from LEAST toxic to
MOST toxic?
Pesticide Active Ingredient
Aldicarb
Diazinon
Malathion
Atrazine
Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Dermal LD50(mg/kg)
0.93
3.15
108
455-900
1000
4,100
3,080
7,500
a)Dermal Aldicarb < Dermal Diazinon < Dermal Malathion < Dermal Atrazine
b)Oral Aldicarb < Oral Diazinon < Oral Malathion < Oral Atrazine
c)Dermal Atrazine < Oral Diazinon < Dermal Aldicarb < Oral Aldicarb
d)Oral Aldicarb < Dermal Diazinon < Dermal Aldicarb < Oral Atrazine
The data below provides examples of LD50 values for four pesticides. Based upon this data,
which of the following statement lists pesticide exposures in order from LEAST toxic to
MOST toxic?
Pesticide Active Ingredient
Aldicarb
Diazinon
Malathion
Atrazine
Oral LD50 (mg/kg) Dermal LD50(mg/kg)
0.93
3.15
108
455-900
1000
4,100
3,080
7,500
a)Dermal Aldicarb < Dermal Diazinon < Dermal Malathion < Dermal Atrazine
b)Oral Aldicarb < Oral Diazinon < Oral Malathion < Oral Atrazine
c)Dermal Atrazine < Oral Diazinon < Dermal Aldicarb < Oral Aldicarb
d)Oral Aldicarb < Dermal Diazinon < Dermal Aldicarb < Oral Atrazine
Base your answers to the following question on the table below.
EPA Data as from: EPA. Registering Pesticides, 2009. Accessed on 1 April 2011 at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/registering/index.htm
Table as adapted from Damalas and Eleftherohorinos. “Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2011, 8, 1402-1419; doi:10.3390/ijerph8051402
According to the EPA data reported in the table above, which of the following statements is
TRUE.
a)Breathing a pesticide is the least toxic form of exposure.
b)Eating a pesticide is usually more harmful than breathing it.
c)Having a pesticide on your skin is less harmful than breathing it.
d)Having a pesticide on your skin is the most toxic form of exposure.
Base your answers to the following question on the table below.
EPA Data as from: EPA. Registering Pesticides, 2009. Accessed on 1 April 2011 at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/registering/index.htm
Table as adapted from Damalas and Eleftherohorinos. “Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2011, 8, 1402-1419; doi:10.3390/ijerph8051402
According to the EPA data reported in the table above, which of the following statements is
TRUE.
a)Breathing a pesticide is the least toxic form of exposure.
b)Eating a pesticide is usually more harmful than breathing it.
c)Having a pesticide on your skin is less harmful than breathing it.
d)Having a pesticide on your skin is the most toxic form of exposure.
Base your answers to the following question on the table below.
EPA Data as from: EPA. Registering Pesticides, 2009. Accessed on 1 April 2011 at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/registering/index.htm
Table as adapted from Damalas and Eleftherohorinos. “Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2011, 8, 1402-1419; doi:10.3390/ijerph8051402
According to the EPA data reported in the table above, which of the following statements is
FALSE.
a)Breathing a pesticide is usually more harmful than eating it.
b)Eating a pesticide is usually more harmful than having it on your skin.
c)Having a pesticide on your skin is usually the least harmful route of exposure.
d)Eating a pesticide is usually the most harmful route of exposure.
Base your answers to the following question on the table below.
EPA Data as from: EPA. Registering Pesticides, 2009. Accessed on 1 April 2011 at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/registering/index.htm
Table as adapted from Damalas and Eleftherohorinos. “Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2011, 8, 1402-1419; doi:10.3390/ijerph8051402
According to the EPA data reported in the table above, which of the following statements is
FALSE.
a)Breathing a pesticide is usually more harmful than eating it.
b)Eating a pesticide is usually more harmful than having it on your skin.
c)Having a pesticide on your skin is usually the least harmful route of exposure.
d)Eating a pesticide is usually the most harmful route of exposure.
Match the definition with the term:
LD50
ED50
TD50
T.I.
The dose of drug that produces a therapeutic response in half of
the test group is called the ___.
The comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes
the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic effects is
the ____.
The dose of a drug that kills half of the test group is called the
____.
The dose of drug that produces a toxic response in half of the test
group is called the ___.
Match the definition with the term:
LD50
ED50
TD50
T.I.
The dose of drug that produces a therapeutic response in half of
the test group is called the ED50.
The comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes
the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic effects is
the T.I.
The dose of a drug that kills half of the test group is called the
LD50.
The dose of drug that produces a toxic response in half of the test
group is called the TD50.
Place the terms below in the order in which they are generally
observed as dosage of a drug increases. Use the graph below to
help….
LD50
ED50
TD50
Place the terms below in the order in which they are generally
observed as dosage of a drug increases. Use the graph below to
help….
LD50
ED50
TD50
For a given drug the ED50 is usually less than the TD50 which is less than the
LD50. In other words…
ED50 < TD50 < LD50.
Meaning that a lower dose of
the drug has a therapeutic effect,
and a higher dose has toxic effects,
while an even higher dose will
have lethal effects.
The dose-response curve below shows the ED50 curves for
four different drugs. Based upon this data, which drug is
MOST effective?
a)Drug A
b)Drug B
c)Drug C
d)Drug D
The dose-response curve below shows the ED50 curves for
four different drugs. Based upon this data, which drug is
MOST effective?
a)Drug A
b)Drug B
c)Drug C
d)Drug D
Which of the following represents the therapeutic index of
a drug?
a)T.I. = TD50 / ED50
b)T.I. = LD50 / ED50
c)T.I. = ED50 / TD50
d)T.I. = ED50 / LD50
Which of the following represents the therapeutic index of
a drug?
a)T.I. = TD50 / ED50
b)T.I. = LD50 / ED50
c)T.I. = ED50 / TD50
d)T.I. = ED50 / LD50
Which of the following can be used as a relative indicator of
the margin of safety of a drug?
a)LD50
b)ED50
c)TD50
d)T.I.
Which of the following can be used as a relative indicator of
the margin of safety of a drug?
a)LD50
b)ED50
c)TD50
d)T.I.
The relative health risk of exposure to a given
environmental pollutant can only be estimated if one
knows the ___.
a)toxicity of the compound.
b)likelihood that an organism will be exposed to it.
c)the likely duration (total time) of exposure.
d)the likely dose per exposure.
e)All of the above.
The relative health risk of exposure to a given
environmental pollutant can only be estimated if one
knows the ___.
a)toxicity of the compound.
b)likelihood that an organism will be exposed to it.
c)the likely duration (total time) of exposure.
d)the likely dose per exposure.
e)All of the above.
Environmental health hazards ____.
a)are primarily outdoor hazards.
b)are primarily indoor hazards.
c)include natural toxicants.
d)include synthetic toxicants
e)all of the above
Environmental health hazards ____.
a)are primarily outdoor hazards.
b)are primarily indoor hazards.
c)include natural toxicants.
d)include synthetic toxicants
e)all of the above
Risk management for potential pollutants requires an
understanding of _____.
a)scientific information
b)scientific and political information
c)scientific and economic information
d)scientific, political, and economic information
e)only the chemical impacts on target and non-target
organisms
Risk management for potential pollutants requires an
understanding of _____.
a)scientific information
b)scientific and political information
c)scientific and economic information
d)scientific, political, and economic information
e)only the chemical impacts on target and non-target
organisms
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
In a eukaryotic cell, where is the vast majority of ATP manufactured?
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. vacuole
D. ribosome
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
In a eukaryotic cell, where is the vast majority of ATP manufactured?
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. vacuole
D. ribosome
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
ATP typically powers reactions in cells when
A. ATP gives up two of its phosphate groups to become AMP.
B. ATP gives up all three of its phosphate groups.
C. ATP gives up one phosphate group to become ADP.
D. ADP adds a phosphate group to become ATP.
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
ATP typically powers reactions in cells when
A. ATP gives up two of its phosphate groups to become AMP.
B. ATP gives up all three of its phosphate groups.
C. ATP gives up one phosphate group to become ADP.
D. ADP adds a phosphate group to become ATP.
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
ATP is an energy carrier. Where is the energy actually located?
A. Attached to the adenine nitrogenous base
B. Inside the ribose sugar
C. in the covalent bond between the ribose sugar and the 1st phosphate
D. in the covalent bond between the 2nd phosphate and the 3rd phosphate
Use the diagram below to assist in answering this question.
ATP is an energy carrier. Where is the energy actually located?
A. Attached to the adenine nitrogenous base
B. Inside the ribose sugar
C. in the covalent bond between the ribose sugar and the 1st phosphate
D. in the covalent bond between the 2nd phosphate and the 3rd phosphate
The overall equation for the aerobic cellular respiration of
glucose is
A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.
C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
D) C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.
The overall equation for the aerobic cellular respiration of
glucose is
A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.
C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
D) C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.
Answer A is a trap! The sugar (C5H12O6) is NOT glucose!
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
B) is used to manufacture glucose.
C) is released all at once.
D) is carried by electrons.
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
B) is used to manufacture glucose.
C) is released all at once.
D) is carried by electrons.
LIST the following terms in the order that describes the
pathway that electrons follow during cellular respiration as
they move from higher energy states to progressively lower
energy states.
Electron transport chain
Glucose
NADH
Oxygen
LIST the following terms in the order that describes the
pathway that electrons follow during cellular respiration as
they move from higher energy states to progressively lower
energy states.
Electron transport chain
Glucose
NADH
Oxygen
Glucose  NADH  Electron Transport Chain  Oxygen
High energy electrons from our original glucose molecule get loaded onto NADH,
which carries them to the Electron Transport chain, which harnesses their energy.
The energy-depleted electrons at the end of the ETC, get accepted by oxygen gas,
which uses these now low energy electrons to form covalent bonds with hydrogen
ions, thus forming water.
The principal raw materials (reactants) for aerobic cellular
respiration are
a)carbon dioxide and glucose
b)carbon dioxide and oxygen
c)carbon dioxide and water
d)oxygen and glucose
The principal raw materials (reactants) for aerobic cellular
respiration are
a)carbon dioxide and glucose
b)carbon dioxide and oxygen
c)carbon dioxide and water
d)oxygen and glucose
The principal end products of aerobic cellular respiration are
a)carbon dioxide, water, and glucose
b)glucose, the energy to make ATP, and oxygen
c) the energy to make ATP, water, and carbon dioxide
d)water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
The principal end products of aerobic cellular respiration are
a)carbon dioxide, water, and glucose
b)glucose, the energy to make ATP, and oxygen
c) the energy to make ATP, water, and carbon dioxide
d)water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
During cellular respiration, NADH
A) is chemically converted into ATP.
B) is converted to FADH2
C) delivers its cargo of electrons to the mitochondrial inner
membrane.
D) is the final electron acceptor.
During cellular respiration, NADH
A) is chemically converted into ATP.
B) is converted to FADH2
C) delivers its cargo of electrons to the mitochondrial inner
membrane.
D) is the final electron acceptor.
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
a)ATP
b)NADH
c)carbon dioxide
d)oxygen
e)FADH2
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
a)ATP
b)NADH
c)carbon dioxide
d)oxygen
e)FADH2
Which of the following statements regarding cellular
respiration is FALSE?
A) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just
one step.
B) Cellular respiration produces water.
C) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
D) Cellular respiration releases heat.
Which of the following statements regarding cellular
respiration is FALSE?
A) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just
one step.
B) Cellular respiration produces water.
C) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
D) Cellular respiration releases heat.
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular
respiration?
a)They produce ATP.
b)They produce glucose.
c)They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.
d)The energy is coupled to oxygen.
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular
respiration?
a)They produce ATP.
b)They produce glucose.
c)They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide.
d)The energy is coupled to oxygen.
The functioning of the electron transport chain is analogous to
A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
B) a canoe going over a waterfall.
C) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.
D) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of
stairs in one jump.
The functioning of the electron transport chain is analogous to
A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
B) a canoe going over a waterfall.
C) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.
D) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of
stairs in one jump.
During chemiosmosis,
A) energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes.
B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
C) a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are
passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's
intermembrane space.
D) H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.
During chemiosmosis,
A) energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes.
B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
C) a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are
passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's
intermembrane space.
D) H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.
Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is
FALSE?
A) ATP synthase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.
C) Electron carriers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is
FALSE?
A) ATP synthase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.
C) Electron carriers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone
will die because
A) they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration.
B) high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies.
C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.
D) they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated.
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone
will die because
A) they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration.
B) high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies.
C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.
D) they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated.
Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that
A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic.
B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the
membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions.
C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a
concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of
electrons through electron carriers.
D) cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while
dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+
ions.
Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that
A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic.
B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the
membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions.
C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a
concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of
electrons through electron carriers.
D) cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while
dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+
ions.
After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows.
As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a
pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called
Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their
animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by
affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making
the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the
outer compartment and into the inner compartment. This effect leads to weight loss.
The method of weight loss described for Fat Away shows that the drug is acting as a
metabolic
A) feedback inhibitor.
B) oxygen carrier.
C) redox promoter.
D) uncoupler.
After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows.
As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a
pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called
Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their
animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by
affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making
the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the
outer compartment and into the inner compartment. This effect leads to weight loss.
The method of weight loss described for Fat Away shows that the drug is acting as a
metabolic
A) feedback inhibitor.
B) oxygen carrier.
C) redox promoter.
D) uncoupler.
After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows.
As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a
pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called
Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their
animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by
affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making
the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the
outer compartment and into the inner compartment. This effect leads to weight loss.
Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by
A) destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work.
B) preventing glycolysis from occurring.
C) preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+.
D) slowing down the citric acid cycle.
After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows.
As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a
pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called
Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their
animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by
affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making
the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the
outer compartment and into the inner compartment. This effect leads to weight loss.
Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by
A) destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work.
B) preventing glycolysis from occurring.
C) preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+.
D) slowing down the citric acid cycle.