Download 5.1 organismic factors during the prenatal period

Chapter 5
PRENATAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT: THE FETUS
AND THE EMBRYO
Mary E. Rudisill, Loraine E. Parish,
and Qi Hang
Made by Wang Yan
§5.1 ORGANISMIC FACTORS DURING THE
PRENATAL PERIOD
§5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING THE
PRENATAL PERIOD
§5.3 TASK FACTORS DURING THE PRENATAL
PERIOD
§5.4 SUMMARY
 One of the most fascinating and important
periods of human development is the prenatal
period.
 During this time, growth and development
occurs faster than any other developmental
period in life.
 The foundation for all the developing systems
within the body occurs during prenatal life.
Three sections
 Organismic Factors,
 Environmental Factors,
 Task-related Factors.
§5.1 ORGANISMIC FACTORS
DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD
First Trimester
 The first trimester begins at the time of
ovulation, when the egg is positioned in
the mother’s fallopian tube for possible
fertilization, and ends at the completion of
week 14 after conception.
 Over the course of the first trimester,
the developing organism experiences
the most rapid rate of growth and
development it will ever experience.
Second Trimester
 involves weeks 15 through 24
 The organism’s rate of growth during
the second trimester is rapid.
 By the end of the first week (week 15)
in the second trimester, the fetus’
major organs have developed.
 high and low activity
Third Trimester
 covers weeks 25-40.
 The fetus grows so big that there is very
there is very little space in the womb for
movement.
 Babies born during this trimester have a
greater chance of survival since all the
major organs are functioning.
§5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD
 The health of an unborn child is
affected by a number of
environmental factors.
 some substances negatively
impact the child
 teratogen
Alcohol
 it is now known that there are risks
involved in consuming alcohol (e.g., beer,
wine, liquor) while pregnant.
 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Smoking
 Nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar,
and the many other chemicals in
cigarettes deprive the developing
baby of nutrients and oxygen
necessary for healthy growth and
development.
 second-hand smoke
Pollution
 indoor air pollution
 outdoor air pollution
 water pollution
Food Borne Agents
 Pregnant women are highly susceptible to
food-borne illnesses.
 They should pay close attention to the
foods they consumed during pregnancy.
Illicit Drugs
 Despite the illicit drug a woman
consumes during pregnancy, the impact
on her fetus is the same.
 In most cases, babies born to women
who take drugs during pregnancy are
underdeveloped, experience drug
withdrawal symptoms, have birth defects,
and experience learning and behavioral
problem.
Over the Counter Medications,
Prescription Drugs, and Herbal Remedies
 Although some over-the-counter
medications, prescription drugs, and
herbal remedies are safe to consume
during pregnancy, it is best to seek
advice from a health care provider
before taking any such medications.
Infectious Diseases
 Rubella
 AIDS
Maternal Diseases
 Rh incompatibility
 Genetic diseases
 Chromosomal diseases
Chronic Stress
 temporary stress
 chronic stressors
 (e.g., financial burden, singleparenthood, and unsupportive
partner).
 minimize the negative outcomes
associated with stress.
Nutrition
 eat adequate amounts of
nutrient rich foods.
 avoid skipping meals and to
consume adequate
amounts of protein.
 increase the number of
calories they consume each
day.
§5.3 TASK FACTORS DURING
THE PRENATAL PERIOD
 This period of growth and
development for the organism is
typically viewed as a task for the
mother.
 Primitive reflexes demonstrated
in utero also exemplify prenatal
tasks constraints.
 Reflexes are motor actions responding to
a task demand.
 contribute considerably to the overall
growth and development of the systems
associated with movement and motor
milestones.
§5.4 SUMMARY
 In this chapter, prenatal human
growth and development is
described.
 We introduced the organismic,
environmental, and task
constraints related to prenatal
development as it relates to
Newell’s (1986) triangular model
of motor development.
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