Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 14 Alternatives: Community Corrections Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C14-S1 Figure 14.1 Increase in Probationers and Parolees, 1960-1997 3,500,000 Probation 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Parole 500,000 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 0 Year Irwin/McGraw-Hill Source: Adapted from Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1997. p. 464. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C14-S2 Table 14.1 Probation versus Parole Probation Parole A convict is sentenced to a period of probation in lieu of prison. A prisoner is released from prison and placed on parole. Probation is a front-end measure. Parole is a tail-end measure. The court imposes the sentence of probation. A parole board grants release on parole. The court retains jurisdiction. A parole board retains jurisdiction. A probation officer is an officer of the court and is employed by a county or district government. A parole officer is a state officer employed by the state government. Probation is an alternative sentence for less serious cases. Originally serious offenders earn parole through good conduct in prison. Eligibility depends on a favorable PSI report. Eligibility depends on successful service of a specific part of the prison sentence. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C14-S3 Table 14.2 Significant Developments in Parole Year Events 1840 Alexander Maconochie devises mark system for release of prisoners in Australian penal colony, a forerunner of parole. Sir Walter Crofton in Ireland establishes system under which prisoners can earn conditional freedom. New York State legislature passes enabling legislation and establishes indeterminate sentencing. American Prison Association endorses expanded use of parole. Parole release adopted at Elmira Reformatory, New York. Wickersham Commission criticizes laxity in use of early parole. Last state passes enabling legislation for parole. Parole comes under attack as inconsistent with just-deserts model of sanctions. Twenty-nine states and the federal government abolish parole altogether or modify it severely by guidelines. Abolition and modifications have not created a decline in the number of parolees. 1853 1869 1870 1876 1931 1944 1980s 1993 Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C14-S4 Figure 14.3 Inmate Perceptions of the Difficulty of Probation Conditions 20 hours/week employment Pay $100 fine 10 hours/week community service 1 unannounced alcohol test/week; no positives House arrest with 10 P.M. curfew 1 unannounced drug test/week; no positives Make 1-2 visits/week to probation office 1-2 unannounced home visits/week by prob. officer Attend weekly outpatient alcohol/drug program Pay victim restitution Pay $500 fine Pay $20/week supervision fee House arrest with 24 hr. electronic monitoring Overall rating 1 2 3 4 5 Not difficult Relatively easy About 50/50 Somewhat difficult Very difficult (90% chance I (75% chance I chance I (25% chance I (10% chance I could do it) could do it) could do it could do it) could do it) Source: Joan Petersilia and Elizabeth Piper Deschenes, “What Punishes? Inmates Rank the Severity of Prison versus Intermediate Sanctions,” In Joan Petersilia, ed., Community Corrections: Probation, Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 149-159.