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PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell
THE
BASI CS
SIXTH EDITION
Licit and Illicit Drugs:
Use, Miuse, and Abuse
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7
Drugs in the U.S.
• Contribute to 120,000 deaths a year
• Cost $294 billion
• U.S. overall use has fallen
• Adolescent use has risen
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drugs in the U.S.
• Types of Drugs
1) Prescription
2) Over-the-counter
3) Recreational – alcohol, tobacco, coffee
4) Herbal preparations – products of plant origin
5) Illicit (illegal) – all are psychoactive
6) Commercial preparations – household cleaners,
pesticides
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How the Body Metabolizes Drugs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.1
Drug Dynamics
• Routes of Administration of Drugs
• Oral
• Injection
1) Intravenous
2) Intramuscular
3) Subcutaneous
• Inhalation
• Inunction – through the skin
• Suppositories
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drug Dynamics
• Defining
• Drug misuse – use for purpose not intended
• Drug abuse – excessive use
• Addiction
1) Use despite negative consequence
2) Must have the potential to produce positive mood
change
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Using, Misusing, & Abusing
• Defining Addiction
• Physiological Dependence/Psychological Dependence
• Inextricably tied together
• Addiction based on three criteria:
1) Withdrawal
2) Associated pattern of pathological behavior
3) Relapse
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Using, Misusing, & Abusing
• Addictions characterized by four common symptoms
1) compulsion
2) obsession
3) negative consequences
4) denial
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prescription Drugs
• Types of Prescription Drugs
• Antibiotics – fight bacteria
• Sedatives – central nervous system depressants
• Tranquilizers – central nervous system depressants
• Antidepressants
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prescription Drugs
• Generic Drugs
• Less expensive
• Many brand name drugs have generic counterparts
• Have you used a generic drug instead of a brand name?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Over-The-Counter (OTC)
• Facts
• Nonprescription medicine
• More than 1/3 of the time people self-treat
• How a prescription becomes an OTC drug
1) At least three years of sales
2) Use has been relatively high
3) Adverse drug reactions are not alarming
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The OTC Drug Label
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.2
Over-The-Counter (OTC)
• Types of OTC
• Analgesics – pain relief
• GRAE (Generally Recognized as Effective)
• Expectorants
• Antitussives
• Decongestants
• Anticholinergics
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Over-The-Counter (OTC)
• Types of OTC (continued)
• Cold, cough, allergy, and asthma relievers
• Stimulants
• Sleeping aids
• Dieting Aids
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Over-The-Counter (OTC)
• Rules for Proper OTC Drug Use
1) Know what you are taking
2) Know the effects
3) Reading warnings and cautions
4) Don’t use anything for more than 2 weeks
5) Be careful if you take prescriptions
6) Ask if you have questions
7) If you don’t need it, don’t take it!
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drug Interactions
• Polydrug Use
• Taking several substances simultaneously
• Synergism
• Effects are multiplied
• Expressed as 2+2=10
• Worst combination: alcohol and barbiturates
• Antagonism
• Work at same receptor
• One drug blocks the other
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drug Interactions
• Inhibition
• Effects of one drug eliminate or inhibit another
• Intolerance
• Drugs react poorly in the body
• May produce nausea and vomiting
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Drug Interactions
• Cross-Tolerance
• Tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to
another drug
• Alcohol and barbiturates
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Illicit Drugs
• Who Uses Illicit Drugs?
• In 2002, estimated 19.5 million Americans used illicit
drugs
• College use (tried any illicit drug) was 52% in 2002
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 7.1
Illicit Drugs
• Why might use in the college population be high?
• “Just Say No” has not worked
• What do you think would be a successful anti-drug
campaign?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 7.2
Controlled Substances
• Facts
• Classified into 5 schedules
• Schedule I and II are illegal to grow, manufacture and
sell
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Controlled Substances
• Cocaine
• Schedule II
• White crystalline powder
• Derived from the leaves of the South American coca
shrub
• Methods of use vary
• Cocaine rapidly crosses the placenta
• Fetuses exposed are likely to suffer
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The Ups and Downs of a Typical Dose of Cocaine
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Figure 7.3
Controlled Substances
• Cocaine
• Freebase cocaine
• Crack
• Cocaine addiction and society
• Controlled substances
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Controlled Substances
• Amphetamines
• Schedule I
• Stimulate the CNS
• Speed is in the category
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 7.3
Controlled Substances
• Newer-Generation Methamphetamine
• Effects brain and central nervous system
• Lasts 6-8 hours
• Ice is a potent methamphetamine
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Controlled Substances
• Marijuana
• Use goes back 6,000 years
• Derived from Cannabis sativa
• Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the active ingredient
• Hashish - resin of the plant
• Long-term studies have not been done in the U.S.
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Controlled Substances
• Marijuana (continued)
• Studies have indicated that the inhalation from smoking
is harmful
• Use as a medicine
• Driving ability impaired
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Controlled Substances
• Marijuana (continued)
• Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use
• Carbon monoxide to blood-heart works harder
• Contains high levels of carcinogens
• Suppression of the immune system
• Pregnant women at higher risk for stillbirth or
miscarriage
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Controlled Substances
• Marijuana (continued)
• Marijuana and Medicine
• Helps with severe nausea and vomiting during
chemotherapy
• Improves appetite of AIDS related wasting
syndrome
• Aids those with multiple sclerosis by reducing pain
and spasticity
• Reduces eye pressure of glaucoma
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Controlled Substances
• Marijuana (continued)
• Marijuana and Driving
• Reduces reaction time
• 60-80% of marijuana users drive while high
• 6-12% of nonfatally injured drivers had THC in
their bloodstream
• Why is it the most popular illicit drug on colleges
campuses?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Controlled Substances
• Opiates
• Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria
• Called narcotics
• Derived from opium – from poppy
• Include morphine, codeine, heroin, and black tar heroin
• Depress CNS
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Controlled Substances
• Opiates (continued)
• Lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
• Estimated 600,000 Americans addicted to heroin
• Heroin withdrawal is distinct
• Methadone treatment is successful for some
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Controlled Substances
• Heroin Addiction
• Estimated 600,000 addicted
• Black Tar Heroin
• Pure, inexpensive, sticky, dark brown form
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Controlled Substances
• Oxycontin: Synthetic Opiate
• Epidemic in 2002
• 4% of high school seniors reported illicit use
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Controlled Substances
• Treatment of Opiates
• Methadone
• One treatment for those addicted to heroin –
blocks effects of opiates
• Naltrexone
• Opiate antagonist
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Reticular Formation
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Figure 7.4
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
• Facts
• Scramble messages coming to reticular formation
• Synesthesia – mixing of the message
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
• Common hallucinogen used to unlock mind
• 1970’s – placed on controlled substances list
• Over 10 million Americans have tried acid
• Commonly sold as a “blotter” on paper
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
• Mescaline
• From peyote cactus
• Native Americans still use
• Typically swallow 10-12 peyote buttons
• Generally induce vomiting
• Psilocybin or “magic mushrooms”
• Effects generally wear off in 4-6 hours
• If harvested the person must know what they are doing
• Many mushroom varieties are poison
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Dissociative Drugs
• Facts
• Distort perception of sight and sound
• Interrupt neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain
• PCP (Phencyclidine) is the most known
• Originally used as an anesthetic
• Side effects led doctors to abandon use
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Designer Drugs or Club Drugs
• Ecstasy (MDMA) most common club drug
• Hallucinations
• Paranoia
• Amnesia
• Death in some cases
• Chronic use can damage the brain
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Inhalants
• Facts
• Inhale chemicals
• Legal to purchase
• Includes: glue, paint thinner, rubber cement
• Amyl Nitrate – “rush”
• Used to alleviate chest pain
• Nitrous Oxide
• Dental anesthesia
• Pain relief
• “Silly feeling”
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Steroids
• Anabolic steroids
• Ergogenic drugs
• Available as pill or injectable
• Adverse effects occur
• 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act (ASCA)
• “Performance-enhancing” steroid alternatives
• Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
• Clenbuterol
• Androstenedione (andro)
• Who is commonly associated with steroid use and why?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Illegal Drug Use in the U.S.
• Ergogenic Drugs
• Used to increase strength, power, bulk, speed,
performance
• 17-20% of college athletes once estimated to use them
• Now estimated at 1.1%
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Illegal Drug Use in the U.S.
• Facts
• Costly habits: estimated $97.7 billion
• Half of crime expenditure
• Drugs in the Workplace
• 9.4% of Americans use at work
• Use the highest in construction, food prep, and
transportation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Illegal Drug Use in the U.S.
• Solutions to the Problem
• Often “scare tactics” unsuccessful
• Drug abuse has been around for thousands of years
• It is unlikely to change in the near future
• Must target at-risk groups
• Stricter border control
• Do you think employers should do random drug testing?
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings