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Partydop (Hvordan oppdage misbrukeren – og hvilke forholdsregler kan vi ta) Dag Jacobsen MD, PhD, FAACT Director & Professor - Department of Acute Medicine Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo Diagnostikk.... Forholdsregler…… In urino veritas… Bjørnaas et al 2006. Kunnskap om partydop Virkninger Behandling av komplikasjoner HVA ER PARTYDOP? Amfetaminer GHB Ecstasy Kokain ”Designer drugs” Andre Methemoglobinemia HbFe++ HbFe+++ Isobutyl nitrite (abuse) Amyl nitrite (’Poppers’) Dapsone Others Methylene blue reduces MetHb back to OxyHb; repeated injections often necessary DJ/02 Narkotika & Motedop Narkotikahandel: 3. største budsjett i verden Største industri etter bilindustrien – ’tax-free’ Nyere drogekultur Internasjonal Multimedial (Internett) Ny sosial status (’knarker’ vs. ’partydoper’) Peroralt misbruk - ikke IV Trussel mot ungdomshelsen Amfetaminer Generell sympatikomimetisk effekt Tachycardi & tachyarytmier Økt BT, særlig systolisk Andre sammensatte effekter Generell vasokonstriksjon Aktivering av trombocytter (økt klebrighet) Myocardial iskemi & arytmier Intrakraniell blødning J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36: 390-5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290: 136-45 Ecstasy - navn XTC Love and kissing pills Adam Eve Eden ”E” ”X” Ecstasy - MDMA ’Complex drug with many actions’ Blokkerer reopptak av dopamin og serotonin i synapser i CNS Hemmer produksjonen av serotonin Stimulerer sympaticus The three Es: Energi Empati Eufori Ecstasy - MDMA Clinical syndrome is a combination of pharmacology, exhaustion & hyperthermia Focus on: External cooling (ice & water) Rhabdomyolysis & renal failure Hyponatremia & brain edema DIC & bleeding Cardiac complications less pronounced ECSTASY- MEKANISMER Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1998; 28: 4384-7. Ecstasy – psykiske senvirkninger Senker serotoninnivået i CNS Personlighetsendringer www.drugabuse.gov Schizofrene trekk Kognitiv dysfunksjon Læreproblemer Nedsatt oppmerksomhet Nedsatt hukommelse Ecstasy - Pasient K16, tok 2 tabl E på houseparty; danset i timer uten pause, segner om med kramper Comatøs, kramper, 41.8 C, respirator Saltmangel (Na 112; K 6.8), metabolsk acidose Rhabdomyolyse og nyresvikt Arytmier og leverskade Etter hvert massive blødninger pga. DIC Mors 16 timer etter innleggelse Cardiac arrest Oslo Airport Healthy male 24yrs VF when passing through customs Resuscitated – recurrent tachyarrhythmias & VF No permanent ROSC Diagnosis? Body packers Tas i rutinekontroller på flyplasser Oppdages underveis – in flight… Klinisk debut Hjertestans pga ruptur; vanlig før - sjelden nå Dårlig prognose ved kokain; bedre ved heroin Obstruksjon - ileus Aksnes & Jacobsen. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004; 124:1772-3 O C NCH3 O CH3 O C O Cocaine Kokain - virkningsmekanisme Hemmer Na+-kanaler (membran-stabiliserende) Hemmer opptak av monoaminer (NA, dopamine, serotonin & eksitatoriske monoaminer) i synapser Hemmer ledningsevne i nervefibre – lokalanestesi Kinidin-liknende (Na-blokkerende) effekt i hjertet; breddeforøket QRS og redusert kontraktilitet I høye doser også effekt i de medullære sentra HT, takykardi, diaforese, mydriasis & hypertermi Andre, sammensatte effekter , rhabdomyolyse Cocaine – cardiotoxicity 25% of AMIs in 18-45yrs associated with recreational cocaine abuse Acute coronary syndromes due to: If AMI, most often non-Q, therefore: Coronary vasoconstriction Intracoronary thrombosis Accelerated atherosclerosis (19 vs. 0.5 %) Increased myocardial oxygen demand Less arrhythmias & cardiac failure EF often close to normal; most often open arteries. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 402-10. Angiology 2001; 52: 299-304. Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Cocaine overdose - treatment BZD are ’drugs of choice’ External cooling (max 15 min at >42C) Phentolamine against persistant HT & vasospasms Avoid beta-blockers: excess alpha-stim may cause hypertensive crises Break the vicious cycle of cocaine toxicity, augment adenosine-induced vasodilation, stim BZD receptors BP 200/120, P 124/min - BP 230/180, P 88/min If Na-channel blockade: Give hypertonic NaHCO3 M 21 – Chest pain Recreational abuser of coke & amphetamine ECG: ischemia & ST elevation ACA: vasospasms of LAD & CX, but no occlusion; EF < 40% Treatment with diazepam, aspirin & NG Non-Q AMI; EF 50% at discharge GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) Developed as an anestetic & used in narcolepsy (Xyrem) Neurotransmittor or neuromodulator? Dopaminergic effect on CNS. Easily made by mixing gamma-butyrolactone, KOH & NaOH: 135 g (125mL) GBL 2.63 g NaOH 93 g KOH Rapid metabolism to CO2 & H2O; half-life 30 min Euphoria, better sex, feeling ’high’ In overdose: Coma, respiratory depression & bradyarrhythmias (of all types) GHB – gamma-hydroxybyturate – 19 cases treated in MICU Respiratory depression: 19 (9 on ventilator) Bradyarrhythmias: 19 (atropine in 6) Coma: 19 Aspiration pneumonia: 6 No deaths in this series of patients GHB - Pasient K18; på by’n med veninner Plutselig fjern & rar, synkoperer, amb til sykehus Intuberes, respirator 4 timer, extuberer seg selv, aspirasjon med aspirasjonspneumoni Bradyarytmi i 5 timer (26/min) Etanol 0.3 promille, toxisk GHB-kons. ’Date rape drug’ Conclusion – ”party dopes” Cardiac complications are one of the most common complications to ”modern” drug abuse & ”party-dopes” Most significant are the acute coronary syndromes & dysrhythmias associated with amphetamine & cocaine abuse Although commonly seen, the bradyarrhythmias associated with GHB-abuse are less severe and usually need no specific treatment