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Partydop
(Hvordan oppdage misbrukeren – og hvilke forholdsregler
kan vi ta)
Dag Jacobsen MD, PhD, FAACT
Director & Professor - Department of Acute Medicine
Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo
Diagnostikk....
Forholdsregler……
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In urino veritas…
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Bjørnaas et al 2006.
Kunnskap om partydop
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Virkninger
Behandling av
komplikasjoner
HVA ER PARTYDOP?
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Amfetaminer
GHB
Ecstasy
Kokain
”Designer drugs”
Andre
Methemoglobinemia
HbFe++
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HbFe+++
Isobutyl nitrite (abuse)
Amyl nitrite (’Poppers’)
Dapsone
Others
Methylene blue reduces MetHb back to OxyHb; repeated
injections often necessary
DJ/02
Narkotika & Motedop
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Narkotikahandel: 3. største budsjett i verden
Største industri etter bilindustrien – ’tax-free’
Nyere drogekultur
Internasjonal
 Multimedial (Internett)
 Ny sosial status (’knarker’ vs. ’partydoper’)
 Peroralt misbruk - ikke IV
 Trussel mot ungdomshelsen
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Amfetaminer
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Generell sympatikomimetisk effekt
Tachycardi & tachyarytmier
 Økt BT, særlig systolisk
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Andre sammensatte effekter
Generell vasokonstriksjon
 Aktivering av trombocytter (økt klebrighet)
 Myocardial iskemi & arytmier
 Intrakraniell blødning
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J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36: 390-5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290: 136-45
Ecstasy - navn
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XTC
Love and kissing pills
Adam
Eve
Eden
”E”
”X”
Ecstasy - MDMA
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’Complex drug with many actions’
Blokkerer reopptak av dopamin og serotonin i
synapser i CNS
Hemmer produksjonen av serotonin
Stimulerer sympaticus
The three Es:
Energi
 Empati
 Eufori
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Ecstasy - MDMA
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Clinical syndrome is a combination of
pharmacology, exhaustion & hyperthermia
Focus on:
External cooling (ice & water)
 Rhabdomyolysis & renal failure
 Hyponatremia & brain edema
 DIC & bleeding
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Cardiac complications less pronounced
ECSTASY- MEKANISMER
Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1998; 28: 4384-7.
Ecstasy – psykiske senvirkninger
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Senker serotoninnivået i
CNS
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Personlighetsendringer
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www.drugabuse.gov
Schizofrene trekk
Kognitiv dysfunksjon
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Læreproblemer
Nedsatt oppmerksomhet
Nedsatt hukommelse
Ecstasy - Pasient
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K16, tok 2 tabl E på houseparty; danset i timer
uten pause, segner om med kramper
Comatøs, kramper, 41.8 C, respirator
Saltmangel (Na 112; K 6.8), metabolsk acidose
Rhabdomyolyse og nyresvikt
Arytmier og leverskade
Etter hvert massive blødninger pga. DIC
Mors 16 timer etter innleggelse
Cardiac arrest Oslo Airport
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Healthy male 24yrs
VF when passing through customs
Resuscitated – recurrent tachyarrhythmias & VF
No permanent ROSC
Diagnosis?
Body packers
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Tas i rutinekontroller på flyplasser
Oppdages underveis – in flight…
Klinisk debut
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Hjertestans pga ruptur; vanlig før - sjelden nå
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Dårlig prognose ved kokain; bedre ved heroin
Obstruksjon - ileus
Aksnes & Jacobsen. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004; 124:1772-3
O
C
NCH3
O
CH3
O C
O
Cocaine
Kokain - virkningsmekanisme
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Hemmer Na+-kanaler (membran-stabiliserende)
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Hemmer opptak av monoaminer (NA, dopamine,
serotonin & eksitatoriske monoaminer) i synapser
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Hemmer ledningsevne i nervefibre – lokalanestesi
Kinidin-liknende (Na-blokkerende) effekt i hjertet;
breddeforøket QRS og redusert kontraktilitet
I høye doser også effekt i de medullære sentra
HT, takykardi, diaforese, mydriasis & hypertermi
Andre, sammensatte effekter , rhabdomyolyse
Cocaine – cardiotoxicity
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25% of AMIs in 18-45yrs associated with recreational
cocaine abuse
Acute coronary syndromes due to:
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If AMI, most often non-Q, therefore:
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Coronary vasoconstriction
Intracoronary thrombosis
Accelerated atherosclerosis (19 vs. 0.5 %)
Increased myocardial oxygen demand
Less arrhythmias & cardiac failure
EF often close to normal; most often open arteries.
Am Heart J 2001; 142: 402-10. Angiology 2001; 52: 299-304.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines
Cocaine overdose - treatment
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BZD are ’drugs of choice’
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External cooling (max 15 min at >42C)
Phentolamine against persistant HT & vasospasms
Avoid beta-blockers: excess alpha-stim may cause
hypertensive crises
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Break the vicious cycle of cocaine toxicity, augment
adenosine-induced vasodilation, stim BZD receptors
BP 200/120, P 124/min - BP 230/180, P 88/min
If Na-channel blockade: Give hypertonic NaHCO3
M 21 – Chest pain
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Recreational abuser of coke & amphetamine
ECG: ischemia & ST elevation
ACA: vasospasms of LAD & CX, but no
occlusion; EF < 40%
Treatment with diazepam, aspirin & NG
Non-Q AMI; EF 50% at discharge
GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate)
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Developed as an anestetic & used in narcolepsy (Xyrem)
Neurotransmittor or neuromodulator?
Dopaminergic effect on CNS.
Easily made by mixing gamma-butyrolactone, KOH & NaOH:
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135 g (125mL) GBL
2.63 g NaOH
93 g KOH
Rapid metabolism to CO2 & H2O; half-life 30 min
Euphoria, better sex, feeling ’high’
In overdose: Coma, respiratory depression & bradyarrhythmias
(of all types)
GHB – gamma-hydroxybyturate –
19 cases treated in MICU
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Respiratory depression:
19 (9 on ventilator)
Bradyarrhythmias: 19
(atropine in 6)
Coma: 19
Aspiration pneumonia: 6
No deaths in this series
of patients
GHB - Pasient
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K18; på by’n med veninner
Plutselig fjern & rar, synkoperer, amb til sykehus
Intuberes, respirator 4 timer, extuberer seg selv,
aspirasjon med aspirasjonspneumoni
Bradyarytmi i 5 timer (26/min)
Etanol 0.3 promille, toxisk GHB-kons.
’Date rape drug’
Conclusion – ”party dopes”
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Cardiac complications are one of the most
common complications to ”modern” drug abuse
& ”party-dopes”
Most significant are the acute coronary
syndromes & dysrhythmias associated with
amphetamine & cocaine abuse
Although commonly seen, the bradyarrhythmias
associated with GHB-abuse are less severe and
usually need no specific treatment