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International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.1 Jacob Viner (1892–1970)
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International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.2
Customs union and
welfare I: trade-creation
2
price
demand
supply
pC+t
tariff
pB+t
tariff
pC
pB
imports before customs union
imports after customs union
q0
q1
q3
decrease producer surplus
net gain
increase consumer surplus
decrease government revenue
q4
quantity
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.3
Customs union and
welfare II: tradediversion
price
demand
supply
pB+t
tariff
pC+t
tariff
pB
pC
imports before customs union
imports after customs union
q0
q1
q3
decrease producer surplus
-/-
net gain; possible loss
increase consumer surplus
decrease government revenue
q4
quantity
3
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Figure 13.4 Number of Regional Trade Agreements notified to GATT/WTO
400
# of RTAs
500
Cumulative # of
RTA notifications
300
200
100
0
1949
Cumulative #
of active RTAs
1959
1969
1979
1989
1999
2009
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Figure 13.5 COMESA countries; population and trade, 2008
Comesa countries; population (million) and trade ($ billion), 2008
Egypt
Ethiopia
Congo (D.R.)
Sudan
Kenya
Uganda
Madagascar
Malawi
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Rwanda
Burundi
Libya
Eritrea
Mauritius
Swaziland
trade
Djibouti
population
Comoros
Seychelles
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.6 ASEAN countries; population and trade, 2009
ASEAN countries; population (million) and trade ($ billion), 2009
Indonesia
Philippines
populaton
Viet Nam
trade
Thailand
Myanmar
Malaysia
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Singapore
Brunei Dar.
0
50
100
150
200
250
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International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.7
Regional trade
agreements in America
Canada
United States
Mexico
Venezuela
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
RTAs in America
NAFTA
(3)
CARICOM
(13)
CACM
(5)
ANDEAN
(5)
MERCOSUR (4)
Boliv ia
Argentina
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a
International Economics: Theory,
Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Normalized total welfare
Figure 13.8
Regional trade
agreements and total
welfare.
Dashed lines indicate
where the minimum
level is reached.
t = 0.3
0.95
t = 0.5
0.9
t = 0.7
0.85
ad (a) ε=4,
0
5
ad (b) t=0.5
10
15
20
Number of trading blocs
b
Normalized total welfare
1
epsilon = 3
0.95
epsilon = 4
epsilon = 6
0.9
0.85
0
5
10
Number of trade blocs
15
20
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International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
Figure 13.9 The
European Union, 2011
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International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Figure 13.10 Historical expansion of the European Union; population (mn)
Historical expansion of the European Union
500
Bulgaria, Romania
Cyprus, Czech Rep, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia
population (million)
400
Austria, Finland, Sweden
Portugal, Spain
300
Denmark, Ireland, UK
E Germany
Greece
200
100
France, W Germany, Italy, Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
year 1990
2000
2010
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Figure 13.11 World Bank and EU differences in GDP per capita; EU27, 2009
Worldbank and EU differences in GDP per capita; EU27, 2009
30,000
NLD
European Union
25,000
20,000
UK
EU27
average
15,000
10,000
EU15
EU
5,000
new entrants
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
World bank
20,000
25,000
30,000
International Economics: Theory, Application, and Policy, Ch. 13;  Charles van Marrewijk, 2012
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Figure 13.12 EU diversity in size, population, and GDP per capita, 2009
EU diversity, 2009 (bubble size proportional to population)
1,000
EU15
EU new entrants
land area (1000 km sq)
800
EU candidates
Turkey
France
600
Spain
Germany
Swe
400
Poland
Italy
Rom
UK
200
Bul
Hun
Greece
Cze
Bel
NLD
-200
20
40
60
80
100
GDP per capita (pps, index; EU27 = 100)
120
140