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Krisztina László
PhD student, University of Pécs
The cultural industry of the EU in the
light of the economic crisis
28.10.2011
What is cultural industry?
UNESCO definition:
cultural industries include publishing, music,
cinema and audiovisual production and
multimedia, crafts and design
creative industries:including architecture and
different artistic categories: visual arts,
performing arts
One of the most dynamic sectors of the
economy
Financing arts and culture in the EU
An overview
3 main kind of systems:
1. Top-down and state driven system
- Disadvantages: no room for lobbying, arts may be
influenced by state
British system
2.
- Funding is coming from the state, but it is not the
state’s body that distributes it
Down-to-up method
3.
-
Independent art councils gives expert advice
The financial decision is made by the Minister of
Culture
Cultural expenditure by sector
(before the crisis)

Public cultural expenditures
–
–
–
–
–

Museums: 27%
Performing arts: 24%
Libraries: 17%
Music: 7%
Other: 25%
Private invention
– Profit-oriented organisations
– Non-profit organisations
– Individual donations
The economic crisis

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Level of employment 2008-2009:
2.1%
The number of nights spent in hotels:
5.1%

The spatial contagion
Reference:
Spatial
Contagion of
Global
Financial
Crisis. 2009.
Cultural sector in 2009
Employment in the
cultural sectors as a
share of total
employment
(Cultural statistic 2011)

3.6 million people were
employed in 5 main
cultural sectors (EU27)
– 1.7% of total employment
Cultural sector in 2009
Percentage of persons
having part time job
(Cultural statistic 2011)

Part time employment
was more frequent in
the cultural sector
Cultural sector in 2009
Percentage of persons
employed working at
home
(Cultural statistic 2011)

Working at home or having
more than one job:
– working at home is twice as
high (26%) as in total
employment
– holding multiple jobs 6% in
cultural sector - 4% in total
Financial Crisis and its Effect –
Surveys Overview

CultureWatchEurope Survey in 2009:
– 21 countries: overall reduction
– 1 country: partial reduction

SICA publication in 2010
– None of the countries is currently in a
position to provide a full picture of the
impact of the economic crisis on cultural
budgets
– General expectation: the subsidised
sector would see only limited effects
Financial Crisis and its Effect Surveys

Governments on Culture Budgets
Survey 2011 (21 countries):
– The impact of the crisis on public budgets
for culture is less uniform than expected
– Between 2009 and 2011:
• 9 countries decreased their budget by 4% to 26%
• 9 countries reported increase from 5% to 38%
• 3 countries budget remained the same
Effects on Culture
PUBLIC
RESOURCES FOR
CULTURE
– EU Structural
Funds
– Central government
budgets
– Regional level
– Municipal level
Table: Change of cultural budget in
the central government
Effects on Culture

PRIVATE RESOURCES FOR CULTURE
– Cultural habits and expenditure of citizens
– European Capital of Culture title?
– Individual donation
– Corporate sponsorship
Effects by Sector
– Performing arts
• less exposed to sponsorship and donations
– Festivals
• decisive actors in the cultural life of countries
– Museums
• top museums did not reflect circumstances of a global crisis
– Built heritage
• show a very diverse picture
– Books
• only anecdotic evidence of crisis’ effect
– Audiovisuals
– Art trade
Conclusion




Short time has passed
Main factors take longer to be realized
Needs to be done more survey on this
matter
Financial crisis cannot be taken as an
excuse for above-average cuts in the
cultural industry
Thank you for your
attention!