Download Lecture 21

Review of the previous lecture
•
Nominal interest rate

equals real interest rate + inflation rate.


•
Fisher effect: nominal interest rate moves one-for-one w/ expected
inflation.
is the opp. cost of holding money
Money demand

depends on income in the Quantity Theory

more generally, it also depends on the nominal interest rate;

if so, then changes in expected inflation
affect the current price level.
Review of the previous lecture
•
Costs of inflation

Expected inflation
shoeleather costs, menu costs,
tax & relative price distortions,
inconvenience of correcting figures for inflation

Unexpected inflation
all of the above plus arbitrary redistributions of wealth between
debtors and creditors
Review of the previous lecture
•
Hyperinflation

caused by rapid money supply growth when money printed to finance
govt budget deficits

stopping it requires fiscal reforms to eliminate govt’s need for printing
money
Lecture 21
Open economy - I
Instructor: Prof.Dr.Qaisar Abbas
Course code: ECO 400
Lecture Outline
1. Open economy
2. Saving and investment
3. Three experiment
Open economy
•spending need not equal output
•saving need not equal investment
Preliminaries
C C d C f
d
I I I
f
G G d G f
superscripts:
d = spending on
domestic goods
f = spending on
foreign goods
•EX = exports = foreign spending on domestic goods
•IM = imports = C f + I f + G f = spending on foreign goods
•NX = net exports (a.k.a. the “trade balance”) = EX – IM
Open economy
GDP = expenditure on domestically produced g & s
Y  C d  I d  G d  EX
 (C  C f )  (I  I f )  (G  G f )  EX
 C  I  G  EX  (C f  I f  G f )
 C  I  G  EX  IM
 C  I  G  NX
Open economy
The national income identity in an open economy
Y = C + I + G + NX
or,
NX = Y – (C + I + G )
domestic
spending
net exports
output
Open economy
Trade surpluses and deficits
NX = EX – IM = Y – (C + I + G )
trade surplus
•output > spending and exports > imports
•Size of the trade surplus = NX
trade deficit
•spending > output and imports > exports
•Size of the trade deficit = –NX
Open economy
International capital flows
•Net capital outflows
=S – I
=net outflow of “loanable funds”
=net purchases of foreign assets
the country’s purchases of foreign assets
minus foreign purchases of domestic assets
•When S > I, country is a net lender
•When S < I, country is a net borrower
Link between trade & cap. flows
The link between trade & cap. flows
NX = Y – (C + I + G )
implies
NX
= (Y – C – G ) – I
=
S
– I
trade balance = net capital outflows
Thus,
a country with a trade deficit (NX < 0)
is a net borrower (S < I ).
Saving and Investment in a Small Open Economy
An open-economy version of the loanable funds model includes
production function:
Y  Y  F (K , L )
consumption function:
C  C (Y T )
investment function:
I  I (r )
exogenous policy variables: G  G , T  T
Saving and Investment
National Saving:
The Supply of Loanable Funds
Saving and Investment
Assumptions re: capital flows
a. domestic & foreign bonds are perfect substitutes (same risk, maturity, etc.)
b. perfect capital mobility:
no restrictions on international trade in assets
c. economy is small:
cannot affect the world interest rate, denoted r*
a & b imply r = r*
c implies r* is exogenous
Saving and Investment
Investment:
The Demand for Loanable Funds
Investment is still a
downward-sloping function
of the interest rate,
but the exogenous
world interest rate…
…determines the
country’s level of
investment.
Saving and Investment
If the economy were closed…
…the interest rate
would adjust to
equate
investment
and saving:
Saving and Investment
But in a small open economy…
the exogenous world
interest rate determines
investment…
…and the difference
between saving and
investment determines
net capital outflows and
net exports
Three experiments
Three experiments
• Fiscal policy at home
•Fiscal policy abroad
•An increase in investment demand
1. Fiscal policy at home
An increase in G or
decrease in T
reduces saving.
Results:
I  0
NX  S  0
Three experiments
2. Fiscal policy abroad
Expansionary fiscal policy
abroad raises the world
interest rate.
Results:
I  0
NX  I  0
Three experiments
3. An increase in investment demand
EXERCISE:
Use the model to
determine the impact of
an increase in investment
demand on NX, S, I, and
net capital outflow.
Three experiments
An increase in investment demand
ANSWERS:
I > 0,
S = 0,
net capital
outflows and net
exports
fall by the
amount I
Summary
•
Net exports--the difference between
 exports and imports
 a country’s output (Y )
and its spending (C + I + G)
•
Net capital outflow equals
 purchases of foreign assets
minus foreign purchases of the country’s assets
 the difference between saving and investment