Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
TODAY • Día de los muertos • Migration – the 3rd part of the population equation International to/from LA USA-LA migration Remittances © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? • Urbanization in LA Causes & consequences • The urban dual economy • Migration – the 3rd part of the population equation International within LA © T. M. Whitmore Household alter for Día de los muertos Commercial alter for Día de los muertos Decorated Graves near Copan, Honduras Migration-the 3rd part of demography • Definitions • More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence © T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types • 1st type: International within Latin America • 2nd type: International to and from Latin America • 3rd type rural => rural migration • 4th type rural => urban migration © T. M. Whitmore International to and from Latin America • Colonial migrations • • 100s of thousands of Iberians Forced migration of ~10 m Africans 19th century migrations Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica Asian indentured labor to Caribbean & Guyana, Surinam, etc. Contemporary migrations Caribbean, Ecuador, “el Norte” © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US • N limits of Mexico Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s • Post-Mexican war in 1880s • 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US => >500k But small % of all immigration © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II • 1940s -1960s => Bracero program • 1980s and beyond • • • Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s Spatial patterns of migration Issue of remittances © T. M. Whitmore Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish Remittances-a global phenomena • They are monies sent by workers in the • more industrial countries to their homes in the global “south” ~ 150 million migrants sent > US$ 300 billion globally in 2006 © T. M. Whitmore Remittances to LA • About 30 million Latin American • • migrants living in the United States & Europe Send ~ US$68 billion to their families annually! Average remittance per migrant ~ US$2,100 Average per capita remittance ~ 20% of average per capita GDP 15 of 38 in LA countries receive > US$ 1 © T. M. Whitmore b Remittance Origins in US • Top US sending states = CA, NY, FL, IL, • • • NJ (all over $1 billion annually) N C over $800 million annually Immigrants in US have total incomes ~ US$ 500 b About 10% of that is sent home but 90% is spent in the US locality ~ 60 of remittance senders are “working poor” or lower middle class (incomes < $30k) – but most think economic life in US is good © T. M. Whitmore • • • How is money sent? Most send to their families through international money transfer companies. These are costly: fees can run to 6-7% or more (but these are low by global standards) Fewer than 50% of Latin Americans have bank accounts here or in home countries Thus some use professional viajeros (travelers) Agencies are now competing IADB working to reduce fees and bottlenecks In Durham, NC the Latino Community Credit Union charges from $6-10 © T. M. Whitmore Remittance destinations in LA • Countries where remittances ~ 10% of total country GDP Grenada ~31% Honduras ~25% El Salvador ~24% Haiti ~21% Dominican Republic ~18% Jamaica ~18% Nicaragua ~15% Belize ~11% Guatemala ~10% © T. M. Whitmore Remittances to LA & C • Exceed the combined flows of all • • • Foreign Direct Investment and net Official Development Assistance Flows substantially exceed tourism income to each country & almost always exceed the largest export Overall remittances ~13% of the value of all exports Large percentages (> 15%) of the adult population in many countries receive remittances © T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance flows • Remittances to Mexico ~US$24 billion Greater than the country's total tourism income Greater than 2/3 of the value of petroleum exports About equal to 180% of the country's agricultural exports. © T. M. Whitmore Spending Remittances • Vast majority spent on household expenses Rural residents get ~ 1/3 of all remittances Investments in real estate (houses) increasing Also investments in small business ventures © T. M. Whitmore Consequences & Issues • Social consequences to the Latin • American migrant workers’ families About 1/3 are undocumented thus Visits home are few Wages and working conditions may be poor Families are divided Impacts in Latin America Is this development or dependency? How many participate, does it increase or decrease equity? © T. M. Whitmore Global Totals: ~$US 301 billion Remittances: The Human Face of Globalization Source: © IADB Quiroga, Mexico $3.7 b $1.2 b $13.2 b $5.2 b 2006 estimates-note big increases Source: © IADB © Thomas Whitmore Source: © IADB Source: © IADB © Thomas Whitmore Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish © Thomas Whitmore © Thomas Whitmore © Thomas Whitmore