Download 259-11-6-migr

TODAY
• Migration – the 3rd part of the
population equation
Rural to urban migration
• Social Geographies
Wealth
Social development indicators
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
• Día de los muertos
• Migration – the 3rd part of the
population equation
International to/from LA
USA-LA migration
Remittances
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration: rural => rural
• From densely settled highlands to sparsely
•
•
•
settled lowlands
 Andean to Amazonia
 Andean to coast
 Central American
From densely settled NE Brazil and S
cities to Amazonia
Also temporary r -> r circulation
Myriad of interacting factors “driving”
migration
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonia
© David Carr
Sugar mill in S coastal Guatemala
4th type: rural => urban migration
• What is it?
Rural to urban migration =>
permanent change of residence
• Why migrate?
“Push” and “Pull” forces
Economic welfare
Social welfare
Other factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Economic pushes & pulls
• Lack of land
• Few non-farm opportunities
• Little upward mobility
• Development => fewer rural jobs &
jobs with less dignity
• New jobs have less autonomy
• Strategy of family income
diversification
© T. M. Whitmore
Social (pushes & pulls)
• Education
• Health care access
© T. M. Whitmore
Other (pushes & pulls)
• Environmental
• Violence
• Individual factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Who migrates?
• Age
• Gender
• Marital status
• Education level
• Personal
• Ethnicity
© T. M. Whitmore
How do migrants move?
• Migration patterns
Role of information
Role of social networks
Role of “steps”
Role of distance and costs
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development:
Wealth
• Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capita
• World ~ $9,940
•
Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480
USA ~ $44,260
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development:
Wealth II
• LA ~ $8,630
• Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)
Low
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala
 Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)
 Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
> LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)
 Costa Rica, Mexico
 Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
© T. M. Whitmore
Percent population living on <$2/day
• World average > 50%
• Latin American average ~ 24%
Countries with > 30%
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El
Salvador,
 Jamaica, Haiti,
 Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay
Countries with fewer than LA average
 Costa Rica, Mexico
 Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile
© T. M. Whitmore
GDP/capita
• USA
•
Wealth distribution I
Richest 20% have 40% of all income
Poorest 20% have 5%
65% in middle class
GINI coefficients
USA ~ 41
Mexico ~46
Bolivia ~60
Brazil ~56
© T. M. Whitmore
Guatemala ~60
Wealth distribution II
• Latin America
•
•
Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income
Poorest 20% have 2-5%
30% in the middle
Countries with top 20% with more than
50% of all income
 Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina,
Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
Changing over time
Varies within countries
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators
• The Human Development Index
• Safe water access
• Population to hospital bed ratio
• % of children < age 5 underweight
• Overall worst levels of human
development
Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru
El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
Nicaragua
Dominican Republic; Haiti
© T. M. Whitmore