Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Life Sciences for Health and Innovation: An OECD Perspective Robert Wells Head, Biotechnology Unit Oslo, Norway 11 October 2011 1 1961: 19 western countries and 75% of world’s GDP OECD + RUSSIA + BIICS > 80% of world’s GDP 64% of world’s population World population in 2030 Source: Salim Sawaya, based on medium variant of the UN Population Division’s “World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database” Biotechnology at the OECD • Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) • Working Party on Biotechnology (WPB) • Biotechnology Unit – Biomedicine and health innovation – Biotechnology for sustainable (Green) growth – Converging Technologies (syn bio) – Knowledge Management (incl. intellelctual property) – Marine Biotechnology 5 CHANGING NATURE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 6 Innovation is key to growth... Contributions to labour productivity growth, 1995-2006, in % 6 5 Intangible capital MFP Non-ICT capital ICT capital Tangible capital Labour quality 4 3 2 1 0 -1 * Investment in intangibles and multi-factor productivity growth account for between two-thirds and three-quarters of labour Science is increasingly international…. 1998 2008 Sweden Poland Belgium France Sweden Poland Belgium Russian Federation Italy France Russian Federation. Netherlands Italy Netherlands Switzerland Germany Japan Switzerland Spain Germany Korea Spain Japan Korea United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States Canada China Canada China Australia Australia Brazil India Source: OECD (2010) Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective Brazil India 8 New global players have emerged … Contributions to growth in global R&D, 1996-2001 and 2001-2006 (in billion constant US PPP and %) 180 160 12% 140 11% 120 10% 100 80 7% 23% 60 40 37% 20 13% Other non-OECD (2) 30% Other OECD (1) 13% Japan 13% EU-27 15% United States 16% 0 1996-2001 China 2001-2006 Note: (1) Australia, Canada, Iceland, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey (2) Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese Taipei Source: OECD. The financing of R&D has changed over time Financing of R&D, 1981-2005 • Business financing of R&D has taken on greater importance as innovation has become more important for firm performance – high-tech industries have grown in particular. 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 Other national Government Industry 200,000 • Government’s share has declined and other national sources (notably non-profit institutions) have become more important sources of R&D financing. 100,000 0 10 Some implications for R&D financing Firms have started to finance R&D in universities to access basic research. Share of higher education R&D financed by industry At the same time, governments are funding less business R&D through direct support. Share of business R&D financed by government 25 7 20 6 5 15 4 10 3 2 5 1 11 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 1997 1995 1993 1991 1989 1987 1985 1983 1981 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 Direct and indirect government support to business R&D (BERD), 2008 As percentage of GDP % Costs of f iscal incentives Direct government f unding of BERD 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Source: OECD, NESTI 2009 R&D tax incentives questionnaire, based on national sources, some of which may be preliminary. Note: Countries with a non-shaded bar provide R&D tax incentives but the cost of these incentives is not included yet (waiting to receive estimates). Chile (2004) Korea Japan Singapore Ireland (2006) Switzerland (2004) Israel United States South Af rica (2006) Portugal Austria Romania Australia (2006) Denmark (2005) Higher education France Russian Federation Italy (2006) Slovenia Cyprus (2002) % 100 Mexico (2003) New Zealand Spain Czech Republic Iceland Norway China Estonia (2002) Poland Argentina Hungary Chinese Taipei Slovak Republic But public investment remains key… Basic research performed in the public sector, 2007 Percentage Government 80 60 40 20 0 Innovation involves national and international collaboration Co-ownership of Innovation is growing Between Businesses and PROs… numbers of co-owned patents 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 National International Science and Innovation Profile of Norway Norway Average GERD as % of GDP HRST occupations as % of total employment Science & Engineering degrees as % of all new degrees Researchers per thousand total employment % of GERD financed by abroad Patents with foreign co-inventors % of firms collaborating (as a % of all firms) BERD as % of GDP Venture capital as % GDP Triadic patents per million population Scientific articles per million population % of firms with new-to-market product innovations (as a % of all firms) % of firms undertaking nontechnological innovation (as a % of all firms) STI Policy Mix: No One Size Fits All Korea Average Switzerland GERD as % of GDP HRST occupations as % of total… Science & Engineering… GERD as % of GDP BERD as % of GDP Venture capital as % GDP Researchers per thousand total… Triadic patents per million population % of GERD financed by abroad Scientific articles per million population Patents with foreign co-inventors % of firms collaborating (as a… % of firms with newto-market product… % of firms undertaking non-… Finland Tertiary level graduates in… Science & Engineering… Venture capital as % GDP Researchers per thousand total… Triadic patents per million… % of GERD financed by… Scientific articles per million… Patents with foreign co-… Average AAGR patents Business funded R&D in the HE… GERD as % of GDP HRST occupations as % of total… Science & Engineering degrees as % of all… Researchers per thousand total… % of GERD financed by abroad Patents with foreign co-inventors % of firms collaborating (as a %… BERD as % of GDP BERD as % of GDP Venture capital as % GDP Triadic patents per million population Scientific articles per million population % of firms with newto-market product… % of firms undertaking non-… Policy can induce greater innovation Patenting in climate mitigation technologies relative to all sectors (indexed on 1980=1.0, Annex 1 ratification countries) 18 Innovations in biotechnology Reliance of patents on science citations (biochemistry papers cited by pharmaceutical patents) United States 57.7 Japan 9.0 64.8 United Kingdom 6.3 48.6 Germany 11.7 30.7 China 9.8 Korea 20% 13.3 28.0 81.9 0% 10.4 14.3 58.9 40% Higher education Government Industry Hospital Other NA 3.9 14.1 5.4 21.7 18.4 4.3 8.4 22.7 15.4 58.8 France 17.6 7.6 6.6 6.0 60% 80% Non profit 100% Battelle Report on the Value Derived from the Human Genome Project – May 2010 1.The economic and functional impacts generated by the sequencing of the human genome are already large and widespread. Between 1988 and 2010 the human genome sequencing projects, associated research and industry activity—directly and indirectly—generated an economic (output) impact of $796 billion, personal income exceeding $244 billion, and 3.8 million job‐years of employment. 2. The federal government invested $3.8 billion in the HGP through its completion in 2003 ($5.6 billion in 2010 $). This investment was foundational in generating the economic output of $796 billion above, and thus shows a return on investment (ROI) to the U.S. economy of 141 to 1—every $1 of federal HGP investment has contributed to the generation of $141 in the economy. 3. In 2010 alone, the genomics‐enabled industry generated over $3.7 billion in federal taxes and $2.3 billion in U.S. state and local taxes. Thus in one year, revenues returned to government nearly equaled the entire 13‐year investment in the HGP. 4. Overall, however, the impacts of the human genome sequencing are just beginning—large scale benefits in human medicine, agriculture, energy, and environment are still in their early stages. The best is truly yet to come. 5. The HGP is arguably the single most influential investment to have been made in modern science and a foundation for progress in the biological sciences moving forward. 20 Key Recent OECD Biotech Instruments and Policy Reports • Guidelines on the Licensing of Genetic Inventions (2006) • Guidelines on Quality Assurance in Molecular Genetic Testing (2007) • Guidelines for the Operation of Human Biobanks and Genetic Resource Databases (2009) • The BioEconomy 2030 (2009) • Policy Reports on Knowledge Networks and Markets in Life Sciences and Collaborative Mechanisms in Intellectual Property in Life Sciences 21 Ongoing OECD Work in Biomedicine and Health Innovation • Innovative Governance in Biomedicine – “Berlin Workshop” (2010) – Policy Report on Biomarkers (2011) – Planned work in Alzheimer’s/dementia • Report on Personalised Medicine and Global Health 22 Contacts: www.oecd.org/sti/innovation www.oecd.org/biotechnology [email protected] 23