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Fiscal Policy How are taxes collected • “Pay-as-you-earn” – Taxable income: income on which you can be taxed • Personal exemptions and deductions subtracted from gross income – Withholding: taking money from your pay check • Paying Taxes – Tax return: 1040 form – W-2: form from employer showing taxable income Types of Common Federal Taxes • Federal income tax – progressive income tax based on tax brackets • Corporate income tax – subject to numerous deductions • Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) – Requires withholding to fund Social Security and Medicare • Unemployment taxes – collected from employers • • • • • • • Other types of Taxes Excise tax – Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco. Tariff – Tax levied on imports to help protect the nation’s industries, labor, or farmers from foreign competition. Sales tax – General tax on sales transactions, sometimes exempting food and drugs. Estate Tax – tax on the total value of money and property when someone dies Value-added tax (VAT) – on increased value of the product at each stage of production and distribution rather than just at the point of sale. Tax Incentive – used to encourage or discourage behavior Tax expenditure – Loss of tax revenue due to Federal laws that provide special tax incentives or benefits to individuals or businesses. Government Spending • Distributive policy vs. Redistributive policy • Types of Spending – Direct benefit payments – entitlements such as social security – Discretionary spending • government programs: environment, transportation, assistance programs • Defense spending Spending Policies • Deficit vs. Debt – Keynesian economics - Economic theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. • The Federal Stimulus – Laissez-faire economics – Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. • Balanced budget The Federal Reserve System’s 12 Federal Reserve Districts make up the central banking system of the United States • All Nationally charter banks required to join • State-chartered banks can join voluntarily • Board of Governors – Appointed by the president – 14 year term, staggered – Chairman: 4 year term, renewable • The Board of Governors 1) fixes the discount rate 2) raises or lowers the reserve requirement 3) puts money into the economy through open market • Federal Open Market Committee –Makes key decisions interest rates and growth of money supply Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Functions of the Federal Reserve Government Service • Government’s Banker • Issues Currency Regulating Banks • Reserves • Bank examinations Regulating the Money Supply • Factors affecting demand for money 1. 2. 3. 4. Cash needed on hand Interest rates Price levels in the economy General level of income Supply Value Prices Inflation up down up Deflation down up down Money Monetary Policy Tools Money Creation • Money created through normal operations • Money Multiplier formula – Initial Deposit x 1/RRR Reserve Requirements • Reduction of the RRR allows more loans, increase supply • Increase in RRR requires higher reserves, decreases supply Setting rates • Discount (Fed to Bank) • Federal funds rate (bank to bank) • Prime rate (Banks to top customers) Open Market Operations • Buying government securities increases the money supply • Selling government securities decreases the money supply