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Inflation Who wins & loses from inflation Falling Purchasing Power INFLATION • Economic condition of Average Prices Rising – Lowers the purchasing power of a dollar • Economic numbers must be adjusted for inflation – Real numbers – adjusted for inflation – Nominal numbers – NOT adjusted for inflation • A country sells 10 pairs of blue jeans in both 1999 & 2014. – Blue Jeans cost $20 in 1999 and $40 in 2014 (assume same exact jeans) – What is the change in nominal & real GDP for 2014? • Nominal GDP doubles from $200 to $400 • Real output is unchanged Consumers notice when their paychecks start to buy less! COLA = cost of living adjustment Social security benefits has an annual COLA Inflation: Expected vs. Unexpected • Unexpected or sudden inflation is what really creates winners & losers in our economy • In theory, when actual inflation is predictable, workers, employers, savers, lenders & borrowers have time to adjust & plan. – Therefore, expected inflation is less harmful Expected Inflation Actual Inflation Who is Hurt by Unexpected Inflation? • People on a fixed income – $500 a month pension +>Nominal dollars unchanged=> real income falls • Minimum wage workers – Wage increases usually increases lag inflation • Savers – Interest earned does not cover inflation rate… Who is Helped by inflation? • People in large amount of Debt – Fixed interest rates on Mortgages, Car Loans, Student Loans – Loan stays the same in Nominal Dollars – Loan falls in Real Dollars Inflation Worksheet Why Inflation is Bad? • Difficult for Business to plan – price goods/services • Lowers value of our currency • Lowers purchasing power (real value of money) • Raises long term interest rates 2-Types of Inflation • Demand-Pull Inflation: – Too many dollars chasing too few goods – Spending increases faster than production – Demand Side Inflation • Cost-Push Inflation – Increase in cost of any factors of production (input prices) – examples: price of oil, labor, steel, etc….) – Supply Side Inflation