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Varieties and New Scenarios Dott. Luciano Consolati part two • Types • Critical mass • Life cycle Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico How to identify a cluster Identifying clusters 1 Economic indicators in a large area • Activity rate • Number of companies in manufacturing • Rate of activities in manufacturing • Rate of independent local processing units in the manufacturing industry • Rate of employed personnel in manufacturing in local units with less than 50 employees • Percentage of property owned homes • Rate of demographic growth Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico • Rate of independent local processing units Identifying clusters 2 Local Production System Indicators • High level of specialisation in production • Rate of specialisation and plant location (see part 3) • Prevalence of small enterprises and absence of big ones • High turnover rate amongst workers • High company turnover • Extensive and articulated social association and unbroken processes of social mobility • Complex system of productive interdependence between enterprises Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico • High level of professionalism in workforce Identifying clusters 3 Indicators for the identification of local productive systems in a specific area (enterprise/employees) • Productive specialisation indicators (rate of employed versus the total of the manufacturing sector), absolute and relative export rates • Comparison of sectorial specialisation and the working population in the area (this emphasises the importance sectorial specialisation has on the local economy) Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico • Rate of employed in the area, compared to the regional rate in the sector of specialisation • Location quotient (comparison between the rate of employed in the sector of specialisation and the corresponding rate at a regional level) • Rate of employed in local units with less than 100 employees, in the sector of specialisation (indicator of the presence of a multiplicity of enterprises in the area) Le tipologie distrettuali Distinctive Structural Features Embryonic Evolving Well established Repositioning Size and number of enterprises Small and micro handicraft enterprises Significant number of micro and small enterprises. Growth of new enterprises Enterprises, micro, small and medium enterprises (achievement of a critical mass) Fall of marginal enterprises Relations between enterprises Horizontal competition Horizontal competition and starting off of subcontracting processes Extended and articulate sub contracting and local horizontal network qualitative + quantitative towards internationalisation. Process technology Low level and coming form outside Medium with a higher control High level of local learning by-interacting High technological level Degree of innovation Poor Scarcely growing Constant growth Radical innovation Diversification and differentiation level None Marginal Correlated to product market Correlated but articulate diversification Work market Cost Formal informal Formale stabile Higher quality Types of competitive advantages Informal\ formal Costs and specialised economies Costs and growing innovation Innovation and learning Market outlets Local Local/regional National/exports start off International Presence of available financial resources Poor/ self financing Poor/ self financing Available Available for projects Local banks None Few and isolated Numerous Numerous but concentrated Relations with institutions Few and essential More intense but still more logistic and technical aspects Constant and in addition to logistics also for development Continuous for system projects Level and role of associationism None Birth of groups and/or associations Consolidating system of associations Strong role of associations Services for production None Insufficient demand at local level Presence of local services Strong growth of contribution to enterprises Institutional \ System Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico Types of clusters Agglomeration Emerging cluster Growing cluster Mature cluster Transformation Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico Life cycle of a cluster Life Cycle Downturn Sales unit Rate of growth of GDP Take off Development rate < 0 Rate of demographic growth Profits Developmen t Growth Selective elimination Market Development Rate poor Great high Fluctuation in development rate modest Rapid growth Rapid decrease Number of segments Few some some Technological variation in the product drawing Great great moderate weak Technological variation in the process drawing weak Modest weak Very great Great moderate Res. & Dev. engineering production More emphatical functional interest saturation saturation decline fossilisation Equal to GDP Equal to demographic growth negative From poor to non existant Gradual decrease debole Rapid decrease, than slow, than it can gradually grow weak few few weak weak weak Weak weak weak finance marketing + finance From few to lots marketing distribution finance Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico Level maturity Identity of a cluster a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Data: - Number of enterprises, type, employees - Urban location, non-urban etc. - Cluster specialisation - Rate of specialisation activity on the referred area - Rate of specialisation activity on the national sum total - export % and relative rates Types: embryonic, evolving, etc. Life story: birth, growth, etc. Presence of Meta organisations Competetive advantages: relations between enterprises, competition, etc. Threats: local and international competition Strategies in progress Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico Carta d’identità di un distretto Competitivity in clusters, some obvious facts - 50% > 200 enterprises - With 30% > 600 - 50% < di 5.000 employees - 30% > 20.000 employees - Critical Mass Competitivity - 15.000 employees> Competitivity Decisive factors: - Environmental factors: human resources, capital, co- operative resources - Level of demand: local needs that anticipate global needs - Level of interaction\ integration other sectors : evaluation of process from beginning to end - Level of cluster competition : directly linked to the cluster - Other factors Dott. Luciano Consolati – 09.2005 - Mexico Size: