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Measuring the degree of government intervention on intergenerational family transfers (IFT) using NTA estimates Concepció Patxot Elisenda Renteria Miguel Sánchez Romero Guadalupe Souto A proposal to the Incentives Working Group (IWG) 1. Integrated results for GA and NTA for Spain: some implications for the sustainability of welfare state (paper finished for Spain) 2. Measuring the degree of government intervention on intergenerational family transfers (IFT) using NTA estimates (paper almost finished for Spain) 3. A proposal of a comparative paper on indicators Concepció Patxot Elisenda Renteria Miguel Sánchez Romero Guadalupe Souto General motivación • Ageing threats the sustainability of one of the Welfare State –one of greatest social achievements of the past century. • Effects of population ageing on the economy – L scarce – K relatively abundat ¿ ↑ k=K/L? ¿↑w↓r Effects depend on: – Preferences on savings: retirement/bequest/precaution motive + intergenerational transfers – Other endogenous variables: Even fertility! • Effects on budget depend on: – Increase in demographic dependency and… – Increase in ratio benefit receivers/tax payers (wage us the tax base, so…) – NTA/GA allows to obtain some helpful indicators (Stiglitz commission) • What happens to the rest of age reallocations?! It matters for intra/intergenerational redistribution and there is no an integrated theoretical model accounting for all the transfers. – We can measure the degree of intervention to both sides Measuring the degree of government intervention on intergenerational family transfers (IFT) using NTA estimates • Why is ageing a problem for the welfare state?:.. Besides the traditional constraints on public policy • Tax schedules that are as neutral as possible • A new difficulty emerges: most of the social programs (pensions, health care, education, etc.) – Entail not only intra but intergenerational redistribution – It implies intertemporal movement of public funds, usually financed – either explicitly or implicitly – on a pay-as-you-go basis (PAYG). – Most outstanding example: Pension system (explicit PAYG), but also health, etc. – The “transition problem”: The initial gift must be born by the current active who should raise a new fund so they bear 2 burdens (a third one: child rearing!!!) • A deeper question: Why should de government interfere in the forward or backward intergenerational transfers (from parents to their offspring or vice versa). Transfers Money, time and time &effort Types Motives Substitution from Market or Government? Reasons for public intervention (+/-) To young dependents Birth (IF) Subsistence (IF) Health Care, personal relations Education (IF) Bequests (EF) Gifts Altruism (Fwd)/ Social contract Exchange Liquidity constraints prevent market substitution! + Redistribution, equal opportunities, intergenerational mobility Health care scarcely substitutable + External positive effects on growth (and liquidity constraints) - External effect on fertility (not on saving plans) - PAYG finance subject to demographic risk Need to consider bargaining between parents (marriage)… Old dependents Subsistence Health care, personal relations Gifts Altruism (Bkw) Social contract Exchange In general more substitutable than to young Redistribution Myopia Uninsurable risk (Long term care) Demonstration effect as a reinforcing device on social contract?? Issues Social changes occurred • Affecting lifecycle timing: Increase in life expectancy and delay in entry in the labor market due to education . A reduction on the productive/dependent period? • Female participating : Reduces the availability of non market work Effects on capital accumulation • Private transfers might be “fully funded” (except if myopia) or human capital funded (if invested on education of the young) Motivation • A deeper question: Why should de government interfere in the forward or backward intergenerational transfers (from parents to their offspring or vice versa). • A too complex issue to model, but we can do something using NTA estimates: – Measure the degree of intervention in both sides (paper for Spain) • Comparative analysis (general paper) – Measure the first and second demographic dividend (Mason & Lee 2006) – A more transparent way of measuring the room left for the second DD: A sinthetic indicator (general paper) Measuring the degree of government intervention on IFT “Modified” Lee Arrows LCD from 41,31 13,14 122.85% 11,48 73,65 140.20% 74,99 TG from 41,74 156.33% 78.31% TF from 43.43 14,29 101.33% 62.33 19.78% TF from 74.94 29.10% Measuring the degree of government intervention on IFT: “Modified” Lee Arrows Transfers Expenditure to GDP(%) 2.004 2.050 Education 4,41 4,21 Family 0,5 0,47 Health (to the young) 0,71 0,69 Total forward looking 5,60 5,37 Backward looking (from adult children to parents) 2.004 2.050 Retirement pensions 6,02 13,54 Long term care 0,33 0,97 Health (to the elderly) 4,58 7,81 Total backward looking 12,16 22,32 Forward looking (from parents to kids) Source: Ferrer and Patxot (2007) (Back to the effects on budget) The Spaish demography 100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% YDR 0-15 / 16-64 ODR 65+ / 16-64 Total DR 2150 2140 2130 2120 2110 2100 2090 2080 2070 2060 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 0.00% NTA and GA an integrated view Standard NTA: Baseyear Cross Section LCDt ABRt TGt TFt LCDt ABRt Economic Variables Fist DD Backard looking TFt TGt Demographic Variables: Population (P) GA: forward looking Sustainability of TG Pt e Baseyear, t GA newborn GA Future Time GA/NTA indicators • Tipical GA sustainability indicator – PV future net deficits/PV future GDP – = “Intertemporal” Debt/ “Intertemporal” GDP – Evolution of Budget balance/GDP • NTA indicators: Base year and changing population – “Economic” Support Ratio (ESR) • L/C (weighted by NTA profiles) • • Another option: LCD/LCS = Aggregate - LCD/aggregate + LCD (LCS) – Evolution of financing sources of LCD TG TF ABR 1 – Sustainability Indicators (more GA) LCD LCD LCD ABR/Yl needed an interesting “Residual” LCD TG TF ABR Y Y Y Yl Issues l l l – 3-4 “economic sustainability” indicators – (NTA) TG is “zero” in a closed economy , but still: its evolution is interesting – General equilibrium AND wealth account missing Figure 6 Evolution of the share of TG, TF and ABR in LCD (1908-2150) 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% -50% 1908 1917 1926 1935 1944 1953 1962 1971 1980 1989 1998 2007 2016 2025 2034 2043 2052 2061 2070 2079 2088 2097 2106 2115 2124 2133 2142 0% -100% TG/LCD TF/LCD ABR/LCD Figure 7 Evolution of economic sustainability indicators for Spain (1908-2150) 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 -0,1 1908 1917 1926 1935 1944 1953 1962 1971 1980 1989 1998 2007 2016 2025 2034 2043 2052 2061 2070 2079 2088 2097 2106 2115 2124 2133 2142 0 -0,2 TG/Yl TF/Yl ABR/Yl LCD/Yl 1908 1917 1926 1935 1944 1953 1962 1971 1980 1989 1998 2007 2016 2025 2034 2043 2052 2061 2070 2079 2088 2097 2106 2115 2124 2133 2142 Figure 8 Evolution of the ABR aggregates (1908-2150) 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 ABR/Yl Ya/Yl S/Yl LCD/Yl Discussion A comprative paper exploring the romm left for the second demographic dividend • Sustainability ABR/Yl • Balance: “Modified” Lee Arrows • Explicit funding and implicit or pre “funding” : (More modified rows) Where about in the demographic transition? • Best/worst moment? Thank you Spain 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical framework/motivation/// An incursion to/a selective turn across the // Some hints on the//Lit on IIT (an incursion....) 2 BIS. GA and NTA Methodology AND ITS REALTION TO GA: Similarities and disparities. 4. Results • 4.1. Basic NTA results for Spain in 2000 • 4.2. Measuring the government intervention on IFT – 4.2.1. Balance indicators using NTA profiles – 4.2.2. Balance indicators in the GA tradition – Singles versus households NTA 5. Concluding remarks (to be written) Comparative 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical framework/motivation/// An incursion to/a selective turn across the // Some hints on the//Lit on IIT (an incursion....) Tabla... 2 BIS. GA and NTA Methodology AND ITS REALTION TO GA: Similarities and disparities. 4. Results • 4.1. Basic NTA results for Spain in 2000 • 4.2. Measuring the government intervention on IFT – 4.2.1. Balance indicators using NTA profiles – 4.2.2. Balance indicators in the GA tradition – Singles versus households NTA 5. Concluding remarks (to be written)