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The World Economic Crisis: Its Impact on the Philippine Economy Benjamin E. Diokno, Ph.D. 2 Subdued Medium-Term Outlook Economist Intelligence Unit global economic forecast, September 10th 2009 The global economic picture continues to improve…on the back of fading inventory reductions and as aggressive fiscal and monetary stimulus start to have an impact. There is, however, a high change of a fullback in growth in 2011 …as the positive effect of this stimulus wanes against a background of continued fragile corporate and household sentiment. But global growth is unlikely to return to the trend rate of recent years…until the latter part of the forecast period. Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 3 Crisis will change the economic landscape A new international financial infrastructure will emerge The design and development of cities will change driven by the desire to conserve energy ( would lead to higher density) Smarter, more fuel-efficient homes will be in demand Demand for smaller, smarter and greener cars will rise [this suggests a leaner car manufacturing industry] There will be shift away from fossil fuel and more focus on alternative sources of energy (wind, solar, geothermal) The role of government will be revisited; more government intervention in the short and medium term Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 4 Impact of the crisis on the Philippine economy The world economic crisis has affected the Philippine economy in three ways: exports have declined OFW remittances have slowed foreign direct investments (FDIs) have decelerated. But for the Philippines, the real problem is rising unemployment – not the closure of Philippine banks. It’s banking sector is sound, for two reasons: first, sound financial policy were adopted after the Asian financial crisis; and second, Philippine banks have limited exposure to ‘toxic assets’ Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 5 Impact of the crisis on the Philippine economy Consumers are not buying and investors are not investing because of excess capacity and uncertainty. As a result, the government has to stimulate the economy by spending more, taxing less, or both. [In general, economists prefer higher government spending]. But higher government spending in the Philippines will be constrained by weak public finances and poor governance (specifically, corrupt practices, poor implementation capability, lack of transparency) Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 6 Overview of the Philippine economy The structure of the economy has not changed significantly; the services sector dominates The slowdown which started in 2008 is broad-based. In H1 2009, the industrial sector contracted by 2.1%. 100% 10 90% 8 80% 70% 6 60% 50% 4 40% 30% 2 20% 10% 0% 2001 0 2001 2002 2003 204 Agriculture 2005 Industry 2006 2007 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -2 Services -4 Agriculture Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Industry Services 2009 7 Economic growth has slowed sharply GDP peaked in 2000, 2004 and 2007 --the last two were election years 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GDP g.r. Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 8 Agriculture, fishery and forestry Ave0307 Agr, fishery, forestry 4.01 (Share to GDP) 19.14 Agriculture, fishery 3.95 (Share to GDP) 19.04 Forestry 17.95 (Share to GDP) 0.10 H109 1.2 1.25 5.20 Agriculture has slowed sharply to 1.2 % in the first half of 2009. But that’s barely one-fourth of its average growth rate of 4.01% from 2003 to 2007 The agricultural sector accounts for 19.4% of GDP Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 9 Industrial sector Ave0307 H109 Industry 4.88 -1.20 (Share to GDP) 32.84 Mining, quarrying 9.54 (Share to GDP) 1.62 Manufacturing 4.66 (Share to GDP) 23.96 Construction 5.06 (Share to GDP) 4.70 Electricity, gas, water 4.70 (Share to GDP) 3.16 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 The industrial sector accounts for about one-third of the economy. It contracted by 1.2% in HI of 2009, a sharp drop from a robust growth of 4.9% from 2003 to 2007 Manufacturing is the biggest loser, contracting by 7.25% from an average growth of 4.7% from 2003 to 2007 On the bright side, construction grew 16.8% in H1 of 2009 owing to faster public construction; private construction contracted in H1 of 2009, however. 18.75 -7.25 16.80 1.95 10 Ave0307 H109 Services Sector 7.21 2.25 (Share to GDP) 48.01 Trans, comm, storage 8.35 (Share to GDP) 8.55 Trade (wholesale,retail) 6.80 (Share to GDP) 16.87 Finance 10.60 (Share to GDP) 5.32 Ownership of 5.29 dwellings, real estate 4.66 Private services 8.39 (Share to GDP) 8.22 Gov’t services 2.83 (Share GDP)Briefing 102709 Diokno Iof Economic 8.22 Services sector The services sector accounts for about half of the economy. It slowed significantly to 2.25% growth in H1 of 2009 – less than one-third of its average growth from 2003 to 2007. The sharp fall was broad-based. -finance, trade, real estate, transportation, communications and storage and private services. The only exception is government services. Slowdown in wholesale and retail trade is sign of poor consumer confidence. 2.90 1.40 1.00 2.60 2.85 3.85 11 Aggregate demand slowed in 2008 and 2009 The economy is consumer-driven; capital formation is low and falling 90.00 78.49 78.67 78.30 78.28 78.28 77.33 77.20 80.00 77.77 Personal consumption plummets, capital formation dives, public construction contracts by 4.4%. The slowdown in 2008 and H1 2009 was across-the-board 15.00 70.00 10.00 60.00 5.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 0.00 22.12 20.38 20.13 20.28 20.00 10.00 17.64 17.18 17.49 18.10 7.53 7.03 6.86 6.54 6.33 6.37 6.53 6.70 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00 PCE Gov't Consumption Capital Formation -5.00 -10.00 -15.00 -20.00 PCE Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Gov't Consumption Capital Formation 12 Shrinking Market Consumers remain unsure of the future Percent of households who intend to buy in the next 12 months 07Q 2 07Q 3 07Q 4 08Q 1 08Q 2 08Q 3 08Q 4 09Q 1 09Q 2 09Q 3 20.5 21.7 26.4 20.3 10.6 8.3 9.5 9.7 9.8 12.7 Motor Vehicle 6.3 8.1 8.3 7.6 5.3 3.7 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.6 House and Lot 9.5 11.1 11.2 11.2 8.0 5.9 7.6 8.3 7.4 10.3 Philippine 12.1 13.6 15.3 13.0 7.9 6.0 7.0 7.5 7.5 9.5 Consumer Durables Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 13 Business sentiment dropped sharply, but recovering BSP Business Expectations Survey, Third Quarter 2009 2007 2008 2009 07Q1 07Q2 07Q3 07Q4 08Q1 08Q2 08Q3 08Q4 09Q1 09Q2 09Q3 Small(<100) Medium(100<5 00) Large (500 &up) 41.7 43.2 33.6 43.2 29.2 10.5 -19.2 41.5 37.8 42.2 45.8 22.0 16.4 -5.6 42.3 54.4 39.5 53.0 30.9 15.4 60.0 -5.9 -19.0 -4.8 16.8 6.8 -19.9 3.6 19.5 -5.1 -20.5 -29.2 2.0 20.4 Small(<100) 50.0 Medium(100<500) 40.0 Large (500 &up) 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 -10.0 -20.0 -30.0 -40.0 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 07Q1 07Q2 07Q3 07Q4 08Q1 08Q2 08Q3 08Q4 09Q1 09Q2 09Q3 2007 2008 2009 14 2009 GDP Forecasts Emerging consensus is that the Philippine economy will barely grow by 0.4% Institution Growth Rate (%) Revised Growth 6.1-7.1 0.8-1.8 ADB [Sep 22,2009 rev] 2.5 1.6 World Bank [June 2009] 3.0 -0.5 IMF [Jun 09; Oct 09] 2.25 [-1.0] 1.0 Moody’s [April 13th rev] 3.3 2.0 Fitch [June 2009 rev] 2.5 0.1 S&P [June 2009 rev] 2.2 1.0-1.5 Economist Intel Unit 1.8 -1.9 UBS AG [Jun 09; Oct 09] 1.8 [0.5] 1.3 Standard Chartered 0.7 0.7 GOP [June 2009 rev] Consensus Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 rate(%) 0.305 15 Transmission Mechanisms or How the World Economic Crisis Has Affected the Philippines Slower exports, factory closures and layoffs Decelerating, possibly contracting, overseas remittances. Remittances account for 10-12% of GNP. A decline in remittances means lower consumer demand. Lower foreign direct investment (FDIs) which means lower long-term growth and thus, lower employment opportunities and higher unemployment and underemployment. Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 16 Merchandise Exports Falling Exports earnings started to contract in 2008 -- negative 2.9% compared to the original growth target of 11% Exports earnings from Jan to Aug 2009 fell by 30.3% : -40.6 % in Jan 2009, -39.0% in Feb, -30.6% in March, -35.2% in April, -27.0% in May, -24.7% in June,-25.4% in July, and 21.0% in August. Is the contraction of export earnings temporary or permanent? Exports, growth rate,% 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May -5 June July Aug -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 Exports Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 17 Export Performance, by Country Decoupling theory has been disproved; recession is synchonized Country Jan-Sep09 $mn % share Total 24,004 100.0 -30.33 Top 10 countries total 20,002 83.3 -30.75 1. U.S.A. 4,188 17.4 -24.12 2. Japan 3,860 16.1 -28.44 3. Netherlands 2,205 9.2 -14.83 4. Hong Kong 2,012 8.4 -41.64 5. Singapore 1,458 6.1 -24.85 6. China, People’s Republic 2,084 8.7 -47.63 7. Germany 1,409 5.9 -18.31 8. Korea, Republic of 1,172 4.9 -36.16 9. Thailand 689 2.9 -33.16 10. Malaysia 925 3.9 -34.98 4,001 16.7 -28.16 11. Others Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Annual growth 18 The Philippines’ export markets are contracting Singapore Malaysia 2009 Taiwan 2008 South Korea Germany Netherlands Hong Kong China Japan USA -15 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 -10 -5 0 5 10 19 Remittances: positive but falling OFW remittances have been growing at double-digit rate in recent years, but has slowed sharply in 2009 IOFW inflows for the first 8 months of 2009 rose 3.7 percent from the same period of 2008. From a peak of 25 % growth rate, down to 3.7% Slowing OFW remittances 30 30.0 25 25.0 24.6 20 20.0 16.9 15 15.0 10 10.0 5 0 5.0 10.5 10.4 9.3 4.9 3.3 0.8 0.1 3.1 2.2 3.7 3.3 0.0 2003 2004 2005 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 2006 2007 2008 2009 OFW Rem,Mo. 2.8 20 Foreign direct investments down sharply Among ASEAN-5 economies, the Philippines received the lowest FDIs. Lower FDI means lower long-term growth and thus, lower employment. FDIs were low by international standard; hit rock-bottom in 2001 Low and falling 3,500 35,000 FDIs 2,921 2,916 3,000 2,500 2,240 1,854 2,000 1,542 1,500 Philippines 25,000 Malaysia 20,000 Indonesia 15,000 Thailand 1,520 1,247 1,000 500 30,000 688 491 195 0 Singapore 10,000 5,000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -5,000 -10,000 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 21 State of Unemployment It’s unemployment, stupid: the focus of government intervention should be on job creation and job preservation. 12,000 10,000 8,000 Even before the world 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 07Q1 07Q2 07Q3 07Q4 08Q1 08Q2 08Q3 08Q4 09Q1 09Q2 Unemployed Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Underemployed economic crisis, the Philippines’ jobs market was already in a critical state: in 2007, there were on average, 2.7 million unemployed and 6.8 million underemployed. But in addition, about 1.3 million young Filipinos join the labor force every year. 22 It’s unemployment, stupid Year/Survey Unemployed in thousand Underemply in thousand Unemploymt rate (%) Underemploy rate (%) Jan 2009 2,855 6,238 7.7 18.2 April 2009 2,830 6,622 7.5 18.9 July 2009 2,922 7,034 7.6 19.8 2008 (Aver) 2,716 6,574 7.4 19.3 January 2,675 6,368 7.4 18.9 April 2,914 6,625 8.0 19.8 July 2,750 7,275 7.4 21.0 October 2,525 6,028 6.8 17.5 2007(Aver) 2,653 6,757 7.3 20.1 January 2,850 7,214 7.8 21.5 April 2,692 6,378 7.4 21.5 July 2,824 7,327 7.8 22.0 Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 23 Unemployment-hunger link With weak social protection, hunger incidence deepens as unemployment rises Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 24 Macroeconomic Outlook Author’s forecast, October 2009 Particulars 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Real GDP growth,% 7.1 3.8 1.0 2.6 3.2 3.4 Inflation Rate, CPI 2.8 9.3 3.2 4.0 4.0 4.5 46.15 44.47 47.00 46-48 46-48 46-48 Budget deficit/GDP -0.2 -0.9 -3.8 -3.2 -2.5 -2.0 Population, million 88.7 90.5 92.2 94.0 95.9 97.8 FOREX(P/US$) In the medium term, the Philippine economy will grow below its previous peak, and in line with a slow, new ‘normal’ growth for the world economy The peso could appreciate should the US dollar continues to weaken and should the Philippine government continues to borrow from abroad to finance its budget deficits. Balancing the budget in the near term is ill-advised. A gradualist cut in national government budget deficit is recommended to avoid a W-shaped recovery. Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 25 What the Government Can Do to Avert a Recession Pump-prime the economy by increasing spending in essential, shovel-ready infrastructure and social services Restore consumer and investor confidence Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 26 But the government’s higher spending ability will be constrained by weak public finances Tax-to-GDP ratio is falling Budget deficit is ballooning National government debt is soaring Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 27 Weaker, low-yielding tax system Tax-to-GDP ratio risks reverting to low levels seen during the Marcos final years Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 28 Fiscal House in Disarray GMA run large deficits from 2001-04; huge deficits have reemerged in recent years Fis 0.0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 Target Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Actual 2007 2008 2009 2010 29 High and Rising Public Debt As the world economy recovers, interest rates would rise, leading to higher debt service Double Your Debt In 10 Years 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Debt of Nat'l Gov't Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 30 6.00 What will the next President inherit? A huge public debt and narrow fiscal space. Fiscal flexibility, defined as recurrent revenues less personal services, interest payments, internal revenue allotment (IRA) and net lending would disappear in 2010 4.00 2.00 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -2.00 -4.00 But what if the next administration needs a second-6.00 Fiscal flexibility-to-GDP fiscal stimulus program? Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Deficit-to-GDP ratio, % 31 Impact of the Great Flood and Pepeng Short- and medium-term Massive loss in agricultural output (in Central and Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 Northern Luzon) Loss of income for a great number of Metro Manila households Lower output for utilities (power, water, and telecommunications) and public transportation Costs of repair and reconstruction of damaged public infrastructure Costs of damages to homes and cars and costs of replacement of consumer durables (refrigerators, TVs, air-conditioners, etc.) 32 Impact of the Great Flood and Pepeng Long-term Massive destruction of personal property and loss in value of assets in flooded areas (so-called wealth effects): many people are poorer now and as a result and would tend to consume less Costs of relocation: the government has to find a permanent home for those previously living along the riverbanks of Pasig and other risky areas Cost of rebuilding and construction of public infrastructure designed to minimize flooding in Metropolitan Manila Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 33 Final Words Be ready for the economic recovery. Like dawn, it will come. In fact, in the U.S. it has arrived. The recession which started in December 2007 is unofficially over. But what’s the shape of the recovery— U, W or square root with long flat line? The consensus is that the economic crisis would be long and deep and might take many years – at least 5 years-- before the world economy would grow back to its pre-crisis levels. Before the Great Flood and Pepeng, the road to recovery has been seen as long and bumpy –with rising unemployment as the ultimate challenge. The recent tragedy has just made the recovery more challenging. Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 34 Boasters and Buffoons “Great men, great nations, have not been boasters and buffoons, but perceivers of the terror of life, and have manned themselves to face it” – Ralph Waldo Emerson, Conduct of Life (1860) Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709 35 Thank you! Benjamin E. Diokno, Ph.D. School of Economics, U. of the Philippines [email protected] Diokno I Economic Briefing 102709