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29 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggregate Demand • The curve shows Real GDP desired at each price level – there’s an inverse relationship – so….there’s a DOWNWARD slope • Because……. LO1 29-2 • Real balances effect - The real value of money is measured by how many goods and services your money will buy • Interest effect - With lower prices, consumers need to borrow less, the demand for loans diminishes, so interest rates drop. • Foreign purchases effect - When the U.S. price level falls, Americans buy fewer foreign produced goods and foreigners buy more U.S produced goods. Price level Aggregate Demand AD 0 LO1 Real domestic output, GDP 29-4 Changes in Aggregate Demand • Determinants of aggregate demand • Shift factors affecting C, I, G, Xn • 2 components involved • Change in one of the determinants causes a change in spending • Multiplier effect – magnifies the initial change in spending into larger changes in AD LO1 29-5 Price level Changes in Aggregate Demand AD2 AD3 AD1 0 Real domestic output, GDP LO1 29-6 Consumer Spending • Consumer wealth • Household borrowing • Consumer expectations • Personal taxes LO1 29-7 Investment Spending • Real interest rates rise, borrowing • LO1 costs rise and fall in investment and fall in AD Expected returns (positive/negative) • Expectations about future business conditions • Technology • Degree of excess capacity • Business taxes 29-8 Government Spending • Government spending increases • Aggregate demand increases (as • LO1 long as interest rates and tax rates do not change) • More transportation projects Government spending decreases • Aggregate demand decreases • Less military spending 29-9 Net Export Spending • National income abroad • Exchange rates • Dollar depreciation – rise in exports and fall in imports, AD shifts right • Dollar appreciation – fall in exports and rise in imports, AD shifts left LO1 29-10 Aggregate Supply • Total real output produced at each • LO2 price level Relationship depends on time horizon • Immediate short run • Short run –the most used in our book! • Long run 29-11 AS: Immediate Short Run Price level Immediate-short-run aggregate supply P1 Labor is 75% of costs ASISR Input and output prices are fixed 0 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-12 Aggregate Supply: Short Run AS Price level Aggregate supply (short run) 0 Output prices are flexible, input prices are fixed Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-13 Aggregate Supply: Long Run Price level ASLR All prices are flexible and will produce the full employment level no matter the price Long-run aggregate supply 0 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-14 Changes in Aggregate Supply AS3 AS1 Price level AS2 0 Real domestic output, GDP LO2 29-15 Input Prices • Domestic resource prices • Labor • Capital • Land • Prices of imported resources • Imported oil • Exchange rates – rise in exchange rates = more foreign $ for each US $ shift right LO2 29-16 Productivity • Real output per unit of input – usually because of a change in technology • Increases in productivity reduce costs • Decreases in productivity increase costs Productivity = Per-unit production cost LO2 total output total inputs total input cost = total output 29-17 Legal-Institutional Environment • Legal changes alter per-unit costs of output • Taxes and subsidies • Extent of government regulation LO2 29-18 Equilibrium Price level (index numbers) Figure 29.7 AS 100 a 92 b Real Output Demanded (Billions) Price Level (Index Number) Real Output Supplied (Billions) $506 108 $513 508 104 512 510 100 510 512 96 507 514 92 502 AD 0 502 510 514 Real domestic output, GDP (billions of dollars) LO3 29-19 ADAS • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTWPr WmPJS0 AD Increases: Demand-Pull Inflation Price level AS The shift in AD beyond full employment leads to inflation P2 P1 AD2 AD1 0 Qf Q1 Q2 The rise in the Price Level REDUCES the multiplier Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-21 Decreases in AD: Recession Deflation AS Price level a to b downward price inflexibility P1 P2 b a c a to c price flexible downward AD1 AD2 0 Q1 Q2 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-22 Decreases in AD: Recession • Prices are downwardly inflexible • Fear of price wars - Strength • Menu costs - Sessions • Wage contracts - Walton • Efficiency wages - Wilson • Minimum wage law - Carroll LO4 29-23 Decreases in AS: Cost-Push Inflation AS2 AS1 Price level Recession occurs b P2 P1 a AD 0 Q1 Qf Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-24 Increases in AS: Full-Employment Price level AS1 P3 P2 P1 AS2 b AD1 to AD2 = a to b = inflation c a AD2 AS1 to AS2 = a to c = mild inflation AD1 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Real domestic output, GDP LO4 29-25