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Interpreting
identifying logic relations
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 英语句式紧凑，句与句之间有大量的衔接
结构。这些衔接结构是句、段、篇的逻辑
纽带，是信息构筑的“关节”。正确听辨
句间的逻辑线索，是理解句子以及话语的
重要一步。
听辨句子逻辑线索
• A. The economy is struggling; however,
the Federal Reserve has left interest rates
unchanged.
• B. The economy is struggling;
consequently, the Federal Reserve has
left interest rates unchanged.
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 英语造句注重句式的完整和与上下文的衔
接，常常运用连接词、关系词、短语以及
其他手段将句子连接起来，表达一定的逻
辑联系和语义关系。因此，掌握英语中常
见的逻辑线索标识词是正确听辨信息逻辑
线索的关键。英语句子间的逻辑关系和对
应的标识词主要分为以下几类：
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 先后次序：first of all, next, before, after,
previously, simultaneously
• 并列关系：and, too, at the same time,
meanwhile, in the meantime
• 递进关系：also, moreover, in addition,
furthermore, besides, not only
• 转折关系：but, however, though, whereas,
nevertheless
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 让步关系：although, though, despite, in
spite of, even though
• 因果关系： so，thus，hence，as a result，
consequently, because, for
• 对照关系：like, similarly, in a similar
manner
• 对比关系：different from, unlike, by
contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 解释关系: that is to say, in other words,
this means
• 条件关系: if, unless, once, provided that, in
case (of), had I known, were this to
happen
• 举例关系：for example, for instance, in
this case, such as
• 归纳总结：on the whole, in brief, to sum
up, in conclusion， in summary
听辨句子逻辑线索
• 汉语造句少用甚至不用任何形式的连接手
段，而是依靠分句间隐含的逻辑事理关系
来安排语序。
• 听汉语的难点是要依靠上下文，掌握这些
分句间的内在的逻辑线索，从而准确判断
出讲话人的真实意图，为后来的翻译打好
基础。
Come and invest in America
• As someone who has long been engaged
in promoting America's trade ties to China,
I am so glad to attend today’s seminar on
Chinese investment in the States and I
very much appreciate your interest in
making an investment in my country.
• The message I wish to convey to you is
loud and clear. The United States
welcomes China's investments, a point
made abundantly clear by President
Obama when he met Chinese president Xi
Jinping in California.
• Why? The reason is simple. We need
Chinese investment to create good-paying
jobs, upgrade our infrastructure and
broaden our middle-class.
• And there are also a whole lot of reasons
why Chinese companies ought to come
here. The United States has the world’s
largest market. America is open for
business. People are looking at lower
energy costs here. They are looking at
stability, they are looking at the increased
productivity of our workers.
• This is a great platform from which you
can export duty-free around the world
because of the free-trade agreements we
have with many countries. The U.S market
is well-developed with the sound legal
system and there are lot of sectors worth
your investments.
• The weak recovery in U.S economy means
opportunities for Chinese companies to
acquire technology, brands and sales
networks, which can be connected with the
huge Chinese market and bring great
benefits to Chinese investors.
• China and the US agreed in July last year
to start substantive negotiations on
bilateral investment treaty, which will
reduce investment barriers and facilitate
market access in the two economies. So it
is now the best time for Chinese
companies to put money in the United
States.
• Entering foreign markets is a great
challenge for any country. There will be
differences in culture， languages,
regulations, consumer habits,
infrastructure and human capital. So
what's important is that you should learn
more about the American culture, mesh
with it instead of fighting it.
• We will help you navigate national, state
and local rules and regulations so that you
can invest faster, open facilities faster and
make profit faster. But in the United
States some industries are highly
regulated and foreign companies should
appreciate this to avoid delays.
• To succeed in the United States, a
Chinese company should hire experienced
local staff who will understand how
business is conducted across cultures and
identify key stakeholders. You should also
take advantage of the legal, accounting
and insurance services provided by
American law firms, investment banks,
public relations firms and insurance
companies to reduce risks.
• Chinese companies operating in the US
should know how they can contribute to
the local community and bolster American
growth and employment. In addition they
should undertake crisis plan to prevent a
minor issue from developing into a big one
that could affect their image.
• Building brands is critically important.
Chinese brands are not very well known in
the United States. Chinese companies will
therefore have to do more to build
awareness and promote their products to
American consumers. It takes time and
money for an investment project to be
successful.
• You need to make long-term and major
investing plan or just don’t bother. More
importantly, starting green field project,
namely, building new factories from
ground, provide smoother move into the
US market than does a merger or
acquisition.
• As more Chinese companies make
investment in the United States, they will
add a new dimension to the close
business relations between the world’s two
largest economies. It is my hope that
Chinese companies will be firmly
implanted in United States and become an
integral and valuable part of our country’s
economic and social fabric.
GDP: a new perspective
• For years，policy makers and economists
have all used GDP to measure the growth
of a country. But this excessive focus on
GDP can distort development incentives
and lead to unintended consequences.
Clearly, for a country to prosper, sufficient
economic activity must be generated in
order to employ greater numbers of people
and to improve the overall standard of
living.
• However, GDP was developed as a
measure decades ago， and it has many
shortcomings that can make it a poor
measure of quality of life. Instead，
economists and policy makers should
focus on other indicators and develop new
models for measuring a country's
development progress. And this is fully
possible with today's technology.
• GDP records all the financial transactions
of products and services within a country.
The first problem with this measure is that
with many companies operating in multiple
countries, the profits that is created do not
necessarily stay within a country's borders.
In fact, a majority of the profits of
multinational firms flows back to the
country of origin.
• For instance, Nike may hire Chinese
workers to produce its shoes, have stores
in China to sell its products, and only
Chinese customers buy from those stores.
90 percent of the economic activity
happens in China and gets recorded in
China's GDP.
• However, the majority of the profits of Nike
goes back to the owners in the United
States even if none of the economic
activity happens in the United States. The
national wealth measure is therefore,
distorted because it would seem that
China is getting richer and the United
States is getting poorer. Obviously, this is
not the case.
• Secondly, GDP does not show distribution
of income. A company that creates a lot of
income from production does not show
how that income is being distributed. The
majority of profits actually go to very few
individuals.
• Another problem with GDP as a measure
for economic progress is that it only
captures financial transactions. When a
mother takes her kid to watch a movie，
that activity is captured in GDP. But when
she takes the same kid to play soccer in a
park, that activity is not captured in GDP.
• However, going to the park to play soccer
could create a better quality of life than
going to the movies. If the focus becomes
overwhelmingly on GDP growth，policy
makers would have more incentives to
create more movie theaters than public
parks. As a result, the quality of life could
drop.
• The worst part about focusing on GDP is that it
can actually create the conditions for a worse
quality of life. The pollution that causes cancers,
food poisoning, or birth defects actually adds to
GDP growth because whenever people seek
medical help and incur medical bills to pay for all
these ailments, GDP grows. On the other hand,
GDP doesn't grow if people remain healthy and
don't seek medical help. Obviously, it is much
better to have a healthier, cleaner society, but
that will not create higher GDP growth.
• In summary, GDP can be used as a guide,
but it should be considered alongside
other factors and indicators that are
important to developing a sustainable
society. Other measurements that should
be adopted include the happiness index
which measures satisfaction with life, air
quality index, pollution index, and life
expectancy.
• GDP has been relied upon because it is
fast and easy to gather that gross data
and make simple comparisons across
countries. But because of its many
shortcomings， policy makers would
achieve their development goals faster if
they also used other ways to measure
their progress.
关于安全管理的几点建议
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词汇与表达
矿山企业mining enterprise
重中之重top priority
执行与落实execution and implementation
空谈empty talk
官话／套话official waffle; empty words
安全专项检查inspection on specific safety
measures
关于安全管理的几点建议
• 深入作业现场site visit; on-site inspection
• 安全隐患safety hazard
• 整 改rectify and improve
• 作为一个建设矿山的企业，安全工作是前
提，是重申之重。如何搞好安全管理工作，
值得领导与安全管理人员深思。
• As a mining enterprise, safety is a
prerequisite and top priority of our work.
How to ensure safety is a matter that
requires careful consideration by both the
leadership and the safety officers.
• 一、安全管理制度重在执行与落实
• 安全管理规章制度，不应只是空谈，而要
及时组织落实，要用职工们喜欢的形式，
进行有效的宣传。在日常工作中，要加强
对制度执行情况的检查监督，发现问题立
即处理。
• Execution and Implementation of Safety
Regulations and Rules
• Safety regulations and rules are not empty
words and must be implemented. We must
try to publicise them in an easy-to-receive
manner. Daily monitoring needs to be
increased to identify hazards and deal with
them in good time.
• 二、安全交流重在真诚对话
• 安全管理工作，说到底就是要与职工面对
面地交流。作为领导，不能整天说官话、
讲套话，要诚恳地与职工做朋友。安全管
理贵在沟通与交心。只有与职工关系密切
了，安全工作才能顺利开展。
• Good Communication
• Safety management, at its core, is dependent on
face-to-face communication with the workers.
Leaders should stop their official waffle and get
to know their workers sincerely. Safety
management emphasizes good communication
and frankness. Only through close relations with
the workers can safety management be
implemented smoothly.
• 三、安全监管重在预防
• 安全监管工作，就是要加大安全检查的力
度。定期或不定期开展安全专项检查，是
预防安全事故的最好途径。安全检查重在
深入作业现场，详细了解作业点的安全状
况，要倾听职工的意见，虚心接受职工的
建议，发现安全隐患要采取措施进行整改。
• Prevention
• Safety inspections need to be
strengthened. A combination of regular
and impromptu inspections of specific
provisions are the best way to prevent
accidents. On-site inspections are good
ways of discovering the safety conditions
and obtaining workers' suggestions so as
to identify and rectify any safety hazards.
• 四、安全环境重在教育培训
• 如何获得良好的安全环境？一是靠学习，
二是靠教育。公司在职工的安全教育培训
上，要加大资金的投入力度，要有长远规
划。安全知识的获得，不是一天或两天的
集中学习就能拥有的，二要靠长期的教育
学习，要形成一种制度。同时要开展职工
安全技能竞赛活动，努力提高职工的安全
防护意识。
• Training
• A safety environment depends on training
and practice. Companies need to increase
their capital input in safety training and set
up long-term plans. Knowledge of safety
is not acquired in a day or two of intensive
instruction but rather through a long-term
training programme. Safety skills
competitions are a good way to raise
awareness.