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Unit 5—Aggregate Models Chapters 9, 10 and 11 Time Period: 3 weeks Graphs: 7 Chapter 9—Building the Aggregate Expenditures Model Aggregate means TOTAL (aggregate expenditure means total spending) Consumption and Saving What can a person do with DI? What is not spent is called savings DI – C = S LOOK AT THE GRAPH ON PAGE 160 C & DI Graph The reference line is a 45° line Green dots = C When the green dot falls short of the reference line, savings has occurred Each point is equidistant from the axes C = DI Again, DI – C = S As DI increases both C and S increase Direct relationship to the level of income Household C most of their DI C Schedule Page 161 shows a hypothetical C schedule Households spend a larger proportion of a small income than of a large income See graph on Page 162 C Schedule Graph 45° reference line Shows C and S Shows DISSAVINGS = occurs at low levels of income where C exceeds DI & people must borrow Average Propensities to C & S Measures the average C (APC) or S (APS) at any level of disposable income APC = C / DI APS = S / DI C% and S% as DI APC + APS = 1 Marginal Propensities to C & S (marginal means extra) Proportion of any change in income C is called MPC or income S is called MPS MPC = change in C / change in DI MPS = change in S / change in DI MPC + MPS = 1 The only choice people have is to C or to S. An additional dollar in income must result in a change in C and/or a change in S. Practice Worksheet Do together and correct in class Investment (review) Spending on new plants, capital equipment, machinery, construction, etc. Investment decision weighs marginal benefits & marginal costs The expected rate of return = marginal benefit The interest rate = marginal cost Expected Rate of Return Found by comparing the expected economic profit (total revenue minus total cost) to cost of investment to get expected rate of return Example in text (page 166) Woodworker wants to buy equipment for $1,000. He expects a $100 profit. The expected rate of return is 10%. In order to make a profit, the woodworker would not want to pay more than 10% interest on the investment. The Real Interest Rate The real interest rate, i, is the cost of the investment Real interest rate = nominal rate - inflation Interest rate is either the cost of borrowed funds or the cost of investing your own funds, which is income forgone. If i exceeds the expected rate of return, r, the investment should not be made Investment Demand Curve Shows an inverse relationship between the interest rate and amount of investment As long as r exceeds i, the investment is expected to be profitable See graph on page 168 Investment demand curve is always downward sloping Less will be invested if interest rates are high Self Assessment Take the quick quiz on page 168 to assess your own understanding. Shifts in the Investment Demand Curve Movement along the IDC or DIgC occur with a change in the interest rate Shifts occur ( to the right, to the left) 1. acquisition, maintenance and operating costs When cost falls, the r from prospective investment project rises, shifts the IDC to the right Higher electricity costs = shift to the left 2. business taxes in taxes = shift to the left Shifts Continued 3. technological change Development stimulates investment Shift to the right 4. stock of capital goods on hand When firms are overstocked, the r declines (shifts to the left) There is little incentive to invest in new capital when there is excess production When firms are under stocked, the r increases (shifts to the right) Shifts continued again . . . 5. Expectations Optimistic about future sales, the curve will shift to the right Pessimistic outlook = shift to the left Instability of Investment 1. capital goods are durable so spending can be postponed 2. innovation occurs irregularly 3. profits vary considerably 4. expectations can be easily changed Classwork! Yeah! Page 179 Number 2 Number 3 A=c&s B=c&s C=c, s & i F=I G=c&s I=c&s Number 4 Number 5—complete the table and part B only (refer to table 9.1) Number 6 Due today Equilibrium GDP Equilibrium level of GDP is the level at which the total quantity of goods produced (GDP) = the total quantity of goods purchased GDP = C + Ig Savings and planned investment are equal Savings represents a “leakage” from spending and causes C to be < GDP Table 9.4 See table on page 173 See line 8, GDP is $510 billion C + Ig = 500 billion (disequilibrium) Businesses have $10 billion of unplanned inventory investment on top of what was already planned Unplanned portion is a business expenditure Table 9.4 See line 5, GDP = $450 billion Consumer spending is $435 billion $20 billion is planned investment Businesses have experienced a $5 billion unplanned decline in inventory because of unexpected sales Self Assessment See graph on page 175 Quick quiz on page 175—work with a partner or on your own for your own assessment of understanding Say Vs Keynes Read page 177 Do question 16 on page 180—this will be turned in. You need to actually draw a PPF for and label efficiency for both men.