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Presynaptic Axon Terminal Terminal Button Postsynaptic Membrane Dendritic Spine (1) Precursor Transport (2) Synthesis _ _ _ enzymes/cofactors NT (3) Storage in vesicles NT Terminal Button Dendritic Spine Synapse Vesicles (4) Release Terminal Button Dendritic Spine Synapse Receptors Terminal Button AP Dendritic Spine Synapse Exocytosis 2+ Ca (5) Activation Quantum release Each vesicle contains one quanta of neurotransmitter (approximately 5000 molecules) – quanta release (3) Transmitter Inactivation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reuptake by presynaptic terminal Uptake by glial cells Enzymatic degradation Presynaptic receptor Diffusion Combination of above (6) Termination (1) Termination by... Diffusion (2) Termination by... Enzymatic degradation (3) Termination by... • Reuptake by presynaptic terminal • Uptake by glial cells (4) Termination by... Autoreceptors A 2. Receptor Activation NS uses 40 families , act on 100 types of receptors; cause EPSPs and IPSPs, Neuromodulators cause, via 2nd messengers, mor complex metabolic effects in the PSM. Ionotropic channel – directly controls channel – fast • Metabotropic channel – second messenger systems (1) Ionotropic Channels Channel NT neurotransmitter Ionotropic Channels NT Pore Ionotropic Channels NT Ionotropic Channels G protein: Protein Phosphorylation external external signal: signal: NT nt norepinephrine Receptor b adrenergic -R transducer primary effector GS adenylyl cyclase 2d messenger cAMP secondary effector protein kinase G protein: Protein Phosphorylation A C R G GDP PK G protein: Protein Phosphorylation A C R G ATP GTP cAMP PK G protein: Protein Phosphorylation A C R G ATP GTP P cAMP PK Pore