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The SA Miracle. Changes in Factor costs will help the SA economy grow and help sustain lower rates at the same time. Looking at the facts. How SA has changed and future developments. • Changes in factor costs. – Better & cheaper labour. – Lower Inflation. – Leads to cheaper capital costs. • Brings further changes. – Higher growth – Higher profits. – More Investment – JOBS! • The Road ahead. GDP per person employed – 1998 GDP in international $ on PPP basis.India China Philippines Indonesia Peru Thailand Brazil Poland Hungary SA all Mexico Argentina Chile South Korea Taiwan SA Formal Western USA 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Source: Angus Maddison & T-sec 50000 60000 GDP per person employed – 1998 In groups of countries. 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 Developed Average SA Formal Emerging 22 SA all Asia (excl Jap,HK,Sing) Annual Productivity growth from 1990 to 2000. Latin America Japan World (unweighted) Europe USA South East Asia South Africa 0 1 2 3 Source: ILO, SA stats from SARB. 4 5 SA Productivity improvement. Getting better all the time. 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 70's 80's 90' Decade so far Average 1970-current Lower all the time. Payments to employees as % of GDP. • This is the lowest 58 57 60's 56 70's 55 54 80's 53 90's 52 51 employee compensation 2000's so far compensation that employees have received in the last five decades. • Employee factor costs are 10% lower than in the 1970’s. • This is why people felt “poorer” and perhaps negative. Recent results. • Although SA productivity still lags according to Proudfoot consulting, SA has shown the best productivity improvement since 2000 of nine countries surveyed. • World Bank confirms Harvard University study of SA labour market being one of the most flexible in the world today. The Phases of the structural change. Lower Cost of Capital Better productivity Leads to lower inflation Brings lower labour costs for economy There are still problems. • Skills shortage in some areas. – Recent data indicates that nearly 30% of graduates leave SA. • While Strikes have declined they are still high. • Government employment is high in both costs to economy and numbers • AIDS? • SA lost one in five jobs over 12 years. – This is the biggest destruction of employment since the great depression. Source: WCR, The Economy Today, Stats SA SA employment numbers from 1967 (Reworked). Turn around after job hammering? 8000000 7500000 7000000 6500000 6000000 5500000 5000000 4500000 Source: Stats SA SEE, Data splicing from SARB. Jun-03 Jun-01 Jun-99 Jun-97 Jun-95 Jun-93 Jun-91 Jun-89 Jun-87 Jun-85 Jun-83 Jun-81 Jun-79 Jun-77 Jun-75 Jun-73 Jun-71 Jun-69 Jun-67 4000000 Long term trend in inflation is down. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 60's 70's 80's 90's Decade sofar Forecast What actually drove inflation? % change from end 1994 to end 2001 Nominal Unit labour costs 44.9% CPI 54.7% Import price of Big Mac (Rand trade weighted) 169.5% Administrative Prices 72.2% CPI ex Administrative 42.1% Source: T-sec, StatsSA …pushing capital market yields lower Since December 2000 - 10 year yield under 13%. Since February 2003 under 10%. 19 90 19 /01 90 19 /11 91 19 /09 92 19 /07 93 19 /05 94 19 /03 95 19 /01 95 19 /11 96 19 /09 97 19 /07 98 19 /05 99 20 /03 00 20 /01 00 / O 11 ct Au -01 gJu 02 nAp 03 r04 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 Source: SARB Yield Spreads: SA 10 year all bonds vs. US 10 year Treasuries. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Fe b- Aug- Fe b- Aug- Fe b- Aug- Fe b- Aug- Fe b- Aug- Fe b- Aug88 89 91 92 94 95 97 98 00 01 03 04 Source: BESSA and Morgan Stanley. T-sec for calculations Short term rates are declining too… Average nominal prime rate per decade. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 19.03 16.53 15.25 14.12 14 13 12.5 Eighties Ninieties 2000 plus Decade Average Previous 2000 forecast from Forecast forecast 2004 on Leading to overall lower interest rates • Prime rate now 11%. There is a 70% chance that prime will fall to 10% or lower in next cycle. (could average 11% 2nd half of the decade.) – Average so far 14.1% • Long term capital market rates – Outlook: Broke 10% barrier and may stay there for a short time. 8% is possible in the medium term. At the same time SA lowered its debt. Both government and Private debt are low in relation to GDP. Central Government debt to GDP - % Italy Belgium Greece Emerging 1st world Germany Spain France Portugal Netherlands Finland SA Ireland USA 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: OECD, FRB, SARB, IMF. 2002 or 2001. 100 110 120 …while SA Private sector debt as % of GDP remains low Brazil Chile SA France Spain Thailand Mayalsia Norway Japan Germany China UK USA Hong Kong 30 50 70 90 110 130 Source: World Bank, FRB, BIS & SA Reserve Bank. 150 The Budget deficit as a % of GDP Better than ever. 0 -0.5 60s 70s 80s 90s 2001/05 -1 OECD Ave -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5 Deficit Maastricht Last year This Year Big Time Success and the best long term performance ever!!!!! Source: SARB; MTEF of Oct 2003. Lower debt leads to… • Better international ratings from S&P, Moody's etc. • More sustainable expenditure. • Less demand side inflation. • Less supply of bonds and therefore lower interest rates. Leading to a SUSTAINED export boom • Lower labour and capital costs • Together with some lower transport costs. • Must make SA firms much more competitive. • Must give us better exports and growth. • Lets see The pyramid for growth. Higher Growth Makes economy more competitive Lower Factor Costs and lower inflation Exports and imports as % of GDP 2002 was the highest export to GDP ratio that SA has ever had. 34 30 Exports Imports 26 22 18 14 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: SARB except 2004 - T-sec forecast Value added manufacturing as % of total exports. 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- Jan- 1- 2- 3- Jan90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 Jan Jan Jan 04 Source: T-Sec. Manufacturing refers to non commodity manufacturing and would exclude: steel, aluminum, gold, platinum. SA value added exports as a % of GDP over last five decades 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 50's 60's 70's 80's 90's Decade sofar Decade Forecast Source: SARS and TIPS. Value added exports excludes all commodities and includes Business Services, Financial Services and Tourism. Export Winners: Average annual real growth in exports since 91 to 02. Coke & petroleum Radio, TV, Instruments, & clocks Rubber products Other transport equipment Furniture Machinery Business services Plastic products Other chemicals Motor vehicles, parts & accessories 0 5 Basic Source: TIPS industrial data. 10 15 20 Long term GDP growth on the up. 6 Did last six years actually already grow faster? Average growth since 1950 GDP 5 4 3 2 1 re ca st ? fo ed D ec ad e us t A dj so fa r D ec ad e 90 's 80 's 70 's 60 's 50 's 0 More on GDP. • We are currently in the longest upswing on record, now five years old! • GDP has been underestimated. – Manufacturing, retail, wholesale etc have all been underestimated by at least 17% – Hotels, land transport etc still have to be re-estimated. – Air freight, financial sector, software etc not yet adjusted but is likely to be bigger. • This will make SA ratios such as Debt to GDP seem better, plus would probably change our GDP growth substantially since 98. Phase three of the structural change is happening now. More JOBS Better profits More Investment Profits starting to show! The SA economy has high profits. Is this why SA firms can afford to buy first world companies!!!! Net Operating Surplus as % of GDP. 2002 Surplus the highest in 22 years. First time since 1965 that net operating surplus is over 30% for 2 years in a row. 34 Gold Boom 32 30 28 Transition 26 phase 24 22 20 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 Source: SARB, T-sec 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Net operating surplus and Gross fixed investment. 33 32 31 29 29 26 27 23 25 20 23 21 Net operating surplus Gross fixed capital formation 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 17 14 Profits take time to turn into investments. • While fixed investment has started to growth, it is still low. • Profit growth can take up to a decade to turn into investment growth. • The main thing now is to realize that GDFI is growing at about twice the GDP rate. 25.00 After Profits increase, so investment increases and so will employment. Gross fixed capital formation Employment 20.00 7.5 6 15.00 4.5 10.00 3 5.00 1.5 0.00 0 -1.5 -5.00 -10.00 -3 -15.00 -4.5 -20.00 -6 -25.00 -7.5 1/1970 3/1974 1/1979 3/1983 1/1988 Source: Stats SA and SARB. 3/1992 1/1997 3/2001 Local government is also getting into the act. 25 20 Capital expenditure 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2000 2002 2004e One small problem: The Rand n1 97 Ju 9 l1 9 Ja 80 n1 98 Ju 2 l1 9 Ja 83 n1 98 Ju 5 l1 9 Ja 86 n1 98 Ju 8 l1 9 Ja 89 n1 99 Ju 1 l1 9 Ja 92 n1 99 Ju 4 l1 9 Ja 95 n1 99 Ju 7 l1 9 Ja 98 n2 00 Ju 0 l2 0 Ja 01 n2 00 3 Ja Real trade weighted Rand performance: % change year on year. 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 Real Rand Facts. • Real Rand currently strongest in at least six years! – If Rand were to end year at R6,25 to dollar and R7,70 to Euro, Real Rand will be strongest level in at least a decade. – If Rand were to end year under R6 to dollar and under R7,40 to the Euro Rand will be at strongest levels in 20 years,! • We have not had real benefits from stronger rand on inflation – in full. – E.g. Car prices, telephone calls should all be at least 20% cheaper. SA in world context. • Broader export explosion than Japan in 1950 and 1960’s. • Done without subsidies - 5% of GDP for most of East Asia in 1970’s and 1980’s. • More sustainable as adjustment process has been greater than ANY other country over last half century! Overview of short term forecasts. • GDP growth of 3% in 2004 after 1,9% in 2003. – Rest of decade seen at around 4% if world growth returns to trend. • Inflation of around 4.5% in 2004 after 6,8% in 2003. Should stay at around 5% for rest of decade. • Prime to average around 13% for decade. – Long bond average around 9%? • Unemployment to stay high for next five years. • Real export growth should average around 7% (Slightly lower now but could pick up if rand falls.) Longer term forecasts. • Higher Growth. – Long term growth will increase. • Sustainable lower inflation. • Low interest rates will also be sustainable. • SA growth more sustainable now.