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1945 Vietnam: “South Viet” 58 Provinces Hanoi, 2.7 mill - the nation’s capital, on the banks of the Red River. Country’s political, cultural and educational capital, most important economic center in the North Ho Chi Minh City, (Saigon), north of the Mekong Delta in the South, largest city 6 million. Country’s economic heart and business hub. Haiphong 2 mill Danang, in the central part of the country, is the third largest city and an important port. 800K Socialist Republic, Single Party Communist State Demographics • Monetary: $1=21,000 Dong (/20) • Age structure (2011): – 0-14 years: 25.2% (male 11,945,354/female 10,868,610) – 15-64 years: 69.3% (male 31,301,879/female 31,419,306) Canada: 69% – 65 years and over: 5.5% (male 1,921,652/female 3,092,589) • Median age: 27.8 years - Canada 40 • Population growth rate: 1.054% - Canada .78% • Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high • Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever • Vector borne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and plague Demographics • Urban population: 30% of total population (2010) Canada 81% • Language: Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer, mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) • 94% literacy • 20% of Children under the age of 5 years underweight • Obesity: 5%, Canada: 23% Cultural Hearths Area of origin for key elements of Asian Culture India •Hinduism •Buddhism •Transit for Islam China •Confucianism •Transit for Mahayana Buddhism 3 Major Schools of Thought Confucianism Buddhism Taoism Religion – None 80.8% – Buddhist 9.3%, – Catholic 6.7%, – Hoa Hao 1.5%, – Cao Dai 1.1%, – Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, (1999 census) Dao Hoa Hao • . Based on Buddhism • -Founded 1939 by Huỳnh Phú Sổ, a native of the Mekong River Delta region, southern Vietnam • Adherentsconsider Sổ to be a prophet, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry • Founders are regarded by followers as living Buddhas—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese nation. • Approximately 2 million followers throughout Vietnam; in some provinces near its Delta birthplace, up to 90% of the population practice this tradition. Cao Dai • Established in city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam in 1926 • Caodaiists credit God as the religion's founder. They believe the teachings, symbolism and organization were communicated directly from God. • Even the construction of the Tây Ninh Holy See is claimed to have had divine guidance. • Cao Đài's first disciples claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion. • Adherents engage in ethical practices such as prayer, veneration of ancestors, nonviolence, and vegetarianism with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of freedom from the cycle of birth and death. 2-3 million followers, An additional 30,000 primarily ethnic Vietnamese, live in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Natural Resources Oil and Gas Vietnam’s potential crude oil reserves in the southern offshore area stand at about 270 million tons and are likely to increase substantially with continued exploration. Vietnam has potential non-associated gas reserves of more than 360 billion cubic meters. Proven associated gas reserves are on the order of 57 billion cubic meters. Mineral Resources Vietnam’s primary coal resource, anthracite, is concentrated in Quang Ninh Province in the Northeast. It has potential recoverable reserves of 7-8 billion tons of which 600 million tons are shallow (within a depth of 100 meters). The country also has an abundance of other minerals, including bauxite, iron ore, copper, gold, precious stones, tin, chromate, apatite, and building materials such as granite, marble, clay, silica sand, and graphite. Other Resources Vietnam is also very rich in other natural resources including significant hydropower (10,000 MW), marine resources, tropical forest, and agricultural potential. The country has 4 world heritages recognized by UNESCO, beautiful beaches, national ecologic forests, countryside, high-land and historic places Agriculture • 2004 agriculture and forestry accounted for 21.8% Vietnam's gross domestic product (GDP) • Between 1994 and 2004, the sector grew at an annual rate of 4.1% • Agriculture's share of economic output has declined in recent years, falling as a share of GDP from 42% in 1989 to 26% in 1999, as production in other sectors of the economy has risen • 2005 approximately 60% of the employed labor force was engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing • Agricultural products accounted for 30 % of exports in 2005 • The relaxation of the state monopoly on rice exports transformed the country into the world’s second or third largest rice exporter • Other cash crops are coffee, cotton, peanuts, rubber, sugarcane, and tea Agriculture • 2 Major River Deltas: • Red River (north) 15,000 sq km • Mekong (south) 40,000 sq km – Largest rice growing region – Rivers make great transport Mekong Delta Mekong Delta • Region in southwestern Vietnam • Mekong River empties into the sea through a network of distributaries. • Mekong delta region 39,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). The size of the area covered by water depends on the season. • A 'biological treasure trove'. Over 10,000 new species have been discovered in previously unexplored areas. Includes a species of rat thought to be extinct. • Bustling with trading ports and canals as early as in the first century CE • The area became Cochinchina, France's first colony in Vietnam • Soil consists mainly of sediment from the Mekong and its tributaries, deposited over thousands of years as the river changed its course due to the flatness of the low-lying terrain Mekong Delta Economy Agriculture • Due to its mostly flat terrain and few forested areas two thirds (64.5%) of the region's land can be used for agriculture. • Land used for growing cereals = 47% of the national total, more than northern and central Vietnam combined. Most is used for rice cultivation. • Rice output in 2011 was 23,186,000 t, 54.8% of Vietnam's total output. • The strongest producers are Kien Giang Province, An Giang Province, and Dong Thap Province, producing over 3 million tonnes each and almost 11 million tonnes together. • Any two of these provinces produce more than the entire Red River Delta. Fishery Fishery • The Mekong Delta also Vietnam's most important fishing region. • It has almost half of Vietnam's capacity of offshore fishing vessels • Fishery output was at 3.168 million tons (58.3% of Vietnam) • All of Vietnam's largest fishery producers with over 300kt of output are in the Mekong Delta: Despite the region's large offshore fishing fleet, 2/3 (2.13 million tonnes out of Vietnam's total of 2.93) of fishery output actually comes from aquaculture. Flooding Rice agriculture, Flooded rice paddies northern vietnam, Red River Particularly susceptible to floods resulting from rises in sea level due to climate change Paddy Fields • The word "paddy" is derived from the Malay word padi, rice plant. • A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops. • Paddies can be built into steep hillsides as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. • They can require a great deal of labor and materials to create, and need large quantities of water for irrigation. • Flooded paddies provide an ideal environment for rice cultivation and discourage the growth of many weeds.[ • The Oxen and water buffalo are one of the most important working animals adapted for life in wetlands, and are used extensively in paddy field farming. • During the twentieth century, paddy field farming became the dominant form of growing rice • Paddy fields are a major source of atmospheric methane and have been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum. • Recent studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting crop yield by draining the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt methane production Floating Market Cai Rang Legendary Origins Empires Kings and Lords… Legendary Origins 2879 BC Hung Dynasty Au Lac 258 BC 208BC Trieu Da Han Control 111 BC Thousands of years of Chinese rule Ngo Dynasty *** 939 AD Ly Dynasty Tran Dynasty 1009 AD 1225 AD CH I N A 1400 1428 Le Dynasty Nguyen Dynasty 1792 - 1883 United Vietnam w French help 1859 becomes part of French indochina Quick Key Highlights • The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River • Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia • The Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century • The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. • Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. French Indochina was part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia. A federation of the three Vietnamese regions, Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina, as well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and Guangzhouwan in 1900 French Imperialism • France fear England had upper hand in China after 1849 * The desire to convert – Christianity propagated Approaches used in French Colonization of Vietnam • Tried Assimilation first Concept first adopted by great philosopher Chris Talbot, 1837. • Based on the idea of expanding French culture to the colonies outside of France in the 19th and 20th century. • Natives of these colonies were considered French citizens as long as the culture and customs were adopted. • They would have the rights and duties of French citizens. • Then, in 1905, policy switched to association Consequences of French Imperialism by 1940 • 90% peasants • No new farming methods introduced • Top down left little room to train Vietnamese • 14 High Schools, 1 university • 3% of Vietnamese landowners own 50% of land. Rest owned by French. High Rents. • Opium addiction/rubber/ • Small Western-educated elite limited by French control • Develops plantation economy: • Promotes exports of tobacco, tea, coffee • Ignored call for civic rights and self government • French maintained control until WWII Paul Doumer Three Nationalist Movements • • • • Republicanists Monarchists Communists All motivated by Russio-Japanese War 1905) and Wilson’s 14 Points The Rise of Ho Chi Minh • Born Nguyen Sing Cung in 1890 •Signs on a Merchant Ship at age of 19 •Becomes Nguyen Ai Quoc in France Ho Organizes the Vietminh • 30 Years of organizational work for Comintern • Returns to Vietnam in 1941 • 8th Plenum of Central Committee of CP creates Vietminh http://www.pacificcentury.or g/barrel3.html Vo Nguyen Giap and Ho Chi Minh Ho • During World War II, when France fell to Germany, Japan occupied Vietnam from 1940 to 1945. Ho saw the Japanese invasion as a chance to build up a new nationalist force, one that appealed to all aspects of Vietnamese society. Therefore, in 1941, he founded the Viet Minh (the League for Vietnamese Independence). • Americans opposed the Japanese in World War II, so Ho was able to convince U.S. leaders to secretly supply the Viet Minh with weapons to fight their new Japanese oppressors. Out with the French and Request for Help from the Americans • Take control of Hanoi August 19 1945 • Reads declaration of In-dependence Sept. 2nd 1945 “All men are created equal…certain inviolable rights…life, the right to be free and the right to happiness Ho: Nationalist or Communist? • Letter to Truman • OSS reports on Ho When I was with Ho and Giap in the field, I had the impression that they would fight no matter how long it would take to achieve their independence….There was a fierce rage against the French among the Vietnamese. In contrast, Ho was kindly disposed toward the Americans, because he felt we were against colonialism. He told me privately that he would welcome one million American soldiers, but not one Frenchman.” Allison Kent Thomas The American War Key events: Dien Bien Phu 1954 • French are defeated by Ho’s Forces in Dien Bien Phu. • Country divided at 17th Parallel • Elections called for • Instead, the West supports Ngo Dinh Diem in the south who proclaims himself president Key events: Building the Ho Chi Minh Trail Key Events: Kennedy Starts Sending troops (1961)/Diem Assasinated (1963) Key Events: Bomb the north “into the Stone Age” – Rolling Thunder Key Events: Tet Offensive (1968) Key Events: Ho Dies (1969) Key Events: Secret Bombing of Cambodia (1969-70) Key Events: Paris Peace Agreement (1973); US begins withdral Key Events: Northern troops enter Saigon and the Presidential Palace (1975) Consequences of the American War: Napalm Consequences of the American War: Agent Orange • http://www.yo utube.com/wat ch?v=GJxb7CY1 3uc Vietnam today: young, many with money in the cities • • • • • • • Doi Moi Doi Moi - economic reforms initiated in Vietnam in 1986 with the goal of creating a "socialist-oriented market economy". Doi Moi had been a long-standing process, starting with "exploratory changes" in agricultural production experiment in 1967 in North Vietnam, painful. Top-down reform program that required a handful of most influential high-ranking political figures of Vietnam in mid-1980s. Privately owned enterprises were permitted in commodity production (and later encouraged) by the Communist Party of Vietnam; furthermore, the push to collectivize the industrial and agricultural sectors of Vietnam, previously the focus of intense efforts by the Communist authorities, was abandoned. Doi Moi reforms led to the development of what is now referred to as the Socialist-oriented market economy, where the state plays a decisive role in the economy, but private enterprise and cooperatives play a significant role in commodity production. Đổi mới helped Vietnam establish diplomatic relationships with the capitalist West and East Asia in the 1990s. The Communist Party of Vietnam has reaffirmed its commitment to the socialist economic orientation, and that Doi Moi renovations of the economy are intended to strengthen socialism. The economic reforms that introduced market forces in Vietnam are likened to modern Chinese economic reform. Vietnam Today: Consequences of Doi Moi (1986) Vietnam today: American Embargo lifted in 1994 1994 • President Bill Clinton announced end of the embargo against Vietnam, 19 years after North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon • The decision result of Vietnamese government co-operation in finding the remains of 2,200 Americans missing in action (MIAs), and under pressure from US companies wanting to do business in Vietnam • The President has moved cautiously because of fears of reawakening controversy over his opposition to the Vietnam war. Senate gave him political cover by voting 62-38 to urge him to end the embargo Normalization 1995 • • • • • • • • After a 20-years of severed ties, Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 11, 1995. In August 1995, both countries upgraded their Liaison Offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status. The United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City, and Vietnam opened a consulate in San Francisco. U.S. relations with Vietnam have become deeper and more diverse in the years since political normalization. The two countries have broadened their political exchanges through regular and regional security. The annual Bilateral Human Rights Dialogue resumed in 2006 after a two-year hiatus. They signed a Bilateral Trade Agreement in July 2000, which went into force in December 2001. 2003, the two countries signed a Counternarcotics Letter of Agreement (amended in 2006), a Civil Aviation Agreement, and a textile agreement. In January 2007, Congress approved Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) for Vietnam. 4. Vietnam today: What might you see? Vietnam Today: Capitalism with a Communist face Gov’t Chairman of National Assembly, Nguyen Sinh Hung Secretary General of the Vietnam Communist Party VCP, Nguyen Phu Trong Party President of Vietnam: Truong Tan Sang Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dong Ho Still doing his job…… Economic Information Type Vietnam Canada 121.38 ,1719.95 1,358.99 49,944.08 GDP growth rate: (%) 5.88 2.41 Inflation: (%) 18.68 2.89 Unemployment: (%) 4.51 7.47 GDP: ($ billion) GDP per capita: ($) http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/vietnam/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/fact_sheet-fiche_documentaire.aspx?lang=eng&view=d Trade and Investment (2011) • Canadian exports to Vietnam: $335,313,317 • Canadian imports from Vietnam: $1,332,142,729 Sources • http://www.indexmundi.com/canada/demographics_profil e.html • http://www.indexmundi.com/vietnam/demographics_profi le.html • http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/3/30/communis m-and-vietnam-pin-1954-the/?print=1 • http://www.slideshare.net/duemer/vietnamesegeography-history • http://www.vietnamustrade.org/index.php?f=news&do=detail&id=37&lang=en glish 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vi etnam_relations