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Innovation Systems and Development Strategies Thomas Andersson Santiago, Chile 13 May 2004 IKED… IKED addresses the emerging issues of the knowledge-based economy (KBE), with a holistic view and a cross-sectional approach Bridges between research/analysis and policy-making Has a Nordic base, leveraging the Nordic region’s strength in KBE as well as the Nordic need of learning from others to confront current challenges Has a global reach – working with countries and institutions, aiming for concrete reforms Has partners/clients ranging from the most advanced to transition and least developed economies Collaborates with and includes all key stakeholders, including the private sector and consumer side, in its activities/projects in order to promote contructive dialogue and concrete results IKED Integrated Approach Integrity and internal analysis Direct involvement in key reform processes Networks between government, business and experts Policy fora with continuous exchange and international impetus Flagship Publications 2004 • ASEM Proceedings: Globalisation and ICT: The Role of Government, Private Sector and Civil Society in an Information Society for All • World Competitiveness Proceedings: Innovative Clusters – A New Challenge • Towards a New Growth and Innovation Policy in Norway • Towards Effective Policies for Innovation and Enterprise in the Baltic Sea Region • Handbook for Evaluation of Innovation Policy • Flagship Conferences organized/co-organized by IKED 2003-2004 • Future Nordic Welfare Society (Stockholm, February 5, 2003) • An Information Society for All, ASEM (Malmö, March 10-12, 2003) • The Competitiveness Institute (Gothenburg, September 15-17, 2003) • Baltic Development Forum (Riga, October 5-7, 2003) • World Knowledge Forum (Soeul, October 15-17, 2003) • Virtual Opportunity Congress (Sydney, December 16-17, 2003) • INSME Roundtable (Malmö/Helsingborg, February 25-27, 2004) • Measuring and Analysing Digital Divides (Beijing, March 24-26, 2004) • Welfare policies in the Era of Globalisation (Havana, April 26-29, 2004) Manufactured exports’ share in world exports by technology groupings Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2002. The Digital Divide and ICT Infrastructure Source: ITU (2002). • Room for higher productivity - R&D and ICT can generate higher labor productivity and TFP - Synergy effects/enabling conditions - Favorable cross-border resource flows • Broadening basis for growth - Using time better: hours worked, life-long health - Encompassing SMEs - Regional and sectoral broadening - Untapped potential population groups: immigrants, women, minorities IKED IKED 2004 Supply: Science, R&D Increased potential both directions through ICT Innovations Demand: Market Ideas technologies Scientists Contractors Competitors Clients INNOVATION SPIRAL Strengthening framework conditions to support innovation processes Improving exchange mechanisms among actors Conditions for competition Entrepreneurship Career Reward Actors Tax systems Building new companies Venture capital Financial markets Universities Individuals Labour markets University/ Private sector Social capital cooperation Companies Society Skills Competitive intelligence Applied research Innovations, IPR Commersialisation Product development Demand for knowledge Growth and welfare Education ICT-infrastructure Environmental sustainability ICT Weighted country positions SWEDEN Innovation FINLAND FINLAND US SWEDEN CANADA USA JAPAN SWITZERLAND AUSTRALIA KOREA NETHERLANDS KOREA SINGAPORE WORLD Tentative, based on international estimates DENMARK Investment in knowledge assets, % GDP 2000 %8 Sweden United States Korea Finland Switzerland Canada Japan OECD Denmark Netherlands Germany France Norway United Kingdom Australia Belgium EU Austria Czech Republic Ireland Hungary Spain Italy Portugal Greece Mexico IKED 2004 IKED Higher Education Software R&D 6 4 2 0 Government role in R&D varies considerably across countries, % of GDP 2000 75 Mexico Portugal 65 Poland Turkey 55 New Zealand Greece Iceland Australia Italy Share of government in total R&D 45 Government-financed R&D in million USD Hungary Norway Czech Republic France Netherlands Austria Spain Germany United States Denmark 35 Canada Finland United Kingdom Switzerland Belgium 25 Sweden Japan Ireland Korea 15 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Gross expenditure on R&D as % of GDP IKED IKED 2004 Selected variables Innovation System 40 Hig h -Tech . a s % of m a n u fa ct. ex por ts, 1 9 9 9 (2 001 W DI) 35 30 Pr ofession a l a n d tech n ica l w or ker s a s % of th e la bor for ce (2 000 ILO) 25 20 Ter tia r y scien ce & en g in eer in g en r olm en t (2 001 W DI) 15 10 5 0 East Asia Europe and Central Asia MENA Africa LAC G7 Barriers to entrepreneurship 3,00 Administrative burdens for corporations Administrative burdens for sole proprietor firms Communication and simplification of rules and procedures Legal barriers to entry Sector specific administrative burdens Antitrust exemptions Licences and permits system 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 Ita ly U ni te d Ki ng do m C an ad a Au st ra li a Ire N la ew nd Ze al an d D en m ar k N or U w ni ay te d st at N es et he rl a nd Po s rtu ga Au l st ria G re ec Sw e ed en Sp ai n Fi nl an d G er m Sw an y i tz er la nd Ja pa n Be lg iu m Fr an ce 0,00 Source: OECD IKED IKED 2004 GDP-growth and entrepreneurship 7 Ireland 6 Luxembourg 5 U.S. GDP Growth, 1989-99 4 Netherlands 3 Norway Portugal Spain Greece Iceland Denmark 2 Japan 1 Belgium Sweden Finland Italy Switzerland Austria U.K. France Germany 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Start-up Rates, 1988-96 Source: OECD, 2001 Source: OECD 15 High Index of Rule of Law Application Low Index OECD East Middle South Eastern Latin Sub- Former Asia East Asia Europe America Saharan Soviet Africa Union Application of Rule of Law Varies by Region (based on aggregation of surveys/polls 1997-99*) Source: Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton (1999). "Aggregating Governance Indicators" and "Governance Matters" PWRP 2195 and 2196. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance Patents invented in collaboration Share of scientific publications with foreign inventors (%) with a foreign co-author (%) 30 40 25 1985-87 1993-95 20 35 30 1981 1995-97 25 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 International co-operation in S&T IKED IKED 2004 “Bilateral Investment Treaties”, 2003 0 1 to 30 31 to 60 61 to 90 Source: UNCTAD Source: UNCTAD, 2003 > 91 Attracting FDI Development objectives Maximizing benefits of FDI Minimizing negative effects of FDI Challenges for National FDI Policies Intensifying policy challenges • Coordination to put in place comprehensive innovation policy • Appropriate mechanisms for public funding of R&D • Science-industry interplay: incentives for university and scientists to work with industry, upgrading science parks and incubators • Reforms to strengthen conditions for provision of micro-funding and better functioning venture capital markets • Valuing knowledge, competence upgrading in SMEs, enabling meeting specific needs through internal upskilling or strengthened networking with regard to external competence • Plugging into global knowledge networks while underpinning traditional skills through institutional support Scientists Environment Research NGOs Trade Education I.P. Etc. Firms Finance Industry Unions Labour Innovation Policy Positioning: Traditional Scientists Environment Research NGOs Education Trade Etc. Firms Finance Industry Unions Labour Innovation Policy Positioning: Implicit Scientists Environment Research NGOs Trade Firms Education Etc. I. P. Finance Industry Unions Labour Innovation Policy: Explicit positioning Scientists Environment Research NGOs Trade Firms Education Etc. I. P. Finance Industry Unions Labour Innovation Policy: Explicit Positioning Note: The size of the region/country's box reflects the size of the FDI stock. Source: UNCTAD Inward FDI stock, 2002