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Chapter 23
Organic Chemistry
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Methane
Dr. S. M. Condren
Butanes
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Cycloalkanes
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Gasoline-Knocking
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Internal Combustion Engine
• Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text
C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) ---> 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
CH3
CH3
|
|
CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3
|
CH3
isooctane
octane number = 100
CH3- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
n-heptane
octane number = 0
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating
(R+M)/2
• R - RON - research octane number,
indicates the quality of the fuel used under
normal driving conditions. The car is
driving on level ground ~ 45 miles/hour.
The RON engine is operating at 600 RPMs
with normal carboration.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating
(R+M)/2
• M - MON - MON testing uses a similar test
engine to that used in RON testing, but with
a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine
speed, and variable ignition timing to
further stress the fuel's knock resistance.
Depending on the composition of the fuel,
the MON of a modern gasoline will be
about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating
•
•
•
•
(R+M)/2
engine is operated under test conditions
degree of knocking determined
fuel is then blended from n-heptane and
isooctane to duplicate conditions
percentages measured, 87% isooctane, 87
octane gasoline
Dr. S. M. Condren
Ethylene
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Addition Polymer
• polymer formed by joining many molecules
of the same compound to form the large
molecule
• The compound usually contains a carboncarbon double bond
Dr. S. M. Condren
Condensation Polymer
• polymer formed by molecules of two
different compounds joining to form the
large molecule
• one compound usually has an amine
functional group
• other molecule has carboxylic acid
functional group
• split out water molecule to form peptide
linkage
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET)
+
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Polyethylene
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Polyethylene
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Polyvinyl Chloride
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Polypropylene
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Polystyrene
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Benzene-Aromaticity
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Toluene
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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
HNO3
O2N
NO2
H2SO4
N
O2
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
R’-O-H
O
Carboxylic acid
R-C-O-H
O
Ester
R-C-O- R’
where R & R’=> alkyl group => CH3-(CH2)nn = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc
=
=
Alcohol
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Soap
NaOH
heat
=
=
O
CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R
O
CH -O-H Na-O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R”
=
=
=
=
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
glycerol
fat or oil
Dr. S. M. Condren
fatty acid salts
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils  Biodiesel
=
O
CH3-O-C-R
glycerol
fat or oil
+
+
O
CH3-O-C-R’
=
3 CH3OH
heat
CH2-O-H
CH -O-H
CH2-O-H
+
O
CH3-O-C-R”
=
=
=
=
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
methyl esters
biodiesel
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Fats, Saturated
=
=
=
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15
O
CH -O-C-C7H15
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15
saturated – fat - solid
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Oils, Unsaturated
=
=
=
O
CH2-O-C-(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
O
CH -O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
O
CH2-O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
unsaturated – oil - liquid
Dr. S. M. Condren
Nitroglycerin
-
CH2-NO2
CH –NO2
CH2-NO2
-
HNO3
-
-
CH2-O-H
CH -O-H
CH2-O-H
Dr. S. M. Condren
Cholesterol
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Alcohols
Methanol – CH3OH
Ethanol – CH3CH2OH
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Ethanol
CH3CH2OH  CH2=CH2 + H2
ethanol catalyst ethylene
Important in 1970-1990s for plastic production
Dr. S. M. Condren
Sugars
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Ethanol
C6H12O6
glucose
 3 CH3CH2OH
enzyme
ethanol
unbalanced
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Starch
(C6H12O6)n
starch
corn
 3n CH3CH2OH
enzyme
ethanol
unbalanced
Important in 21st century as source of fuel
Dr. S. M. Condren
Synthetic Rubber
1,3-Butadiene
n

(
)n
butadiene rubber
Dr. S. M. Condren
Synthetic Rubber
vulcanization
Dr. S. M. Condren
Neoprene Rubber
s
Cl
Cl
n
SCl2

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Cl
Cl
Dr. S. M. Condren
Cl
s
Cl
Cl
Cl
s
s
s