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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Objectives
• Describe how carbon atoms bond covalently to form
organic compounds.
• Identify the names and structures of groups of
simple organic compounds and polymers.
• Identify what makes up the polymers that are
essential to life.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Organic Compounds
• In chemistry, the word organic is used to describe
certain compounds.
• An organic compound is a covalently bonded
compound that contains carbon, excluding
carbonates and oxides.
• Many ingredients of familiar substances
contain carbon.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Organic Compound
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Organic Compounds, continued
• Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds in
organic compounds.
• When a compound is made of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms, it is called a hydrocarbon.
• Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have only single
covalent bonds.
• Examples:
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Hydrocarbon
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Alkane
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Organic Compounds, continued
• The carbon atoms in any alkane with more than
three carbon atoms can have more than one
possible arrangement.
• Carbon atom chains may be branched or
unbranched, and they can even form rings.
• Except for cyclic alkanes, the chemical formulas for
alkanes follow a special pattern. The number of
hydrogen atoms is always two more than twice the
number of carbon atoms.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Six-Carbon Alkanes
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Organic Compounds, continued
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double
carbon-carbon bonds.
• Example: ethene, H2C CH2
• Alcohols have hydroxyl, or –OH, groups.
• Example: methanol, CH3OH
• Alcohol molecules behave similarly to water
molecules.
• Alcohols, which have the suffix -ol in their names,
are found in many household products.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Alkene
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Alcohol
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Polymers
• A polymer is large molecule that is formed by more
than five monomers, or small units.
• Example: polyethene (often known as
polyethylene) is a long chain made from many
molecules of ethene.
• Some polymers are natural; others are man-made.
• Examples: rubber, starch, protein, and DNA are all
natural polymers. Plastics and synthetic fibers are
man-made polymers.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Polymers
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Polymers, continued
• The elasticity of a polymer is determined by
its structure.
• Examples:
• A milk jug made of polyethene is not elastic: it
can be crushed, but does not return to its
original shape.
• A rubber band is an elastic polymer: when it
is stretched and released, it returns to its
original shape.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Comparing Polymer Structures
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds
• A carbohydate is any organic compound that is
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that
provides nutrients to the cells of living things.
• A protein is an organic compound that is a polymer
of amino acids, and a principal component of all cells.
• An amino acid is any one of 20 different organic
molecules that contain a carboxyl and an
amino group.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Proteins
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds, continued
• Your DNA determines your entire genetic makeup.
• DNA is a polymer with a complex structure. It is in the
form of paired strands, in the shape of a twisted
ladder known as a double helix.
• Each time a new cell is made in your body, a new
copy of your DNA is made for the new cell.
• The two strands in the helix are separated each
time your DNA is copied.
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
DNA Overview
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Chapter 5
Section 4 Organic and
Biochemical Compounds
Concept Mapping
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