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Elektronika Daya Pekik Argo Dahono Elektronika Daya Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan teknologi elektronika dalam konversi energi (daya) elektrik. Mengapa energi (daya) elektrik perlu dikonversikan? • Hampir semua peralatan listrik bekerja kurang efisien atau tidak bisa bekerja pada sumber energi (daya) elektrik yang tersedia. • Banyak pembangkit energi (daya) elektrik nonkonvensional mempunyai bentuk yang tidak kompatibel dengan sumber energi (daya) elektrik lainnya. P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 2 Konverter Daya Daya keluaran Daya masukan Konverterdaya Pengukuran Beban Pengukuran Pengendali Acuan P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 3 Klasifikasi Konverter Daya • • • • Konverter DC-ke-DC (Chopper) Konverter AC-ke-DC (Penyearah) Konverter DC-ke-AC (Inverter) Konverter AC-ke-AC (Cycloconverter/Matrix) P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 4 Konverter Sinyal dan Daya Konverter Sinyal Sinyal masuk Sinyal keluar Konverter Daya Daya keluar Daya masuk Sinyal masuk Daya masuk Efficiency is the key P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 5 Regulator tegangan R1 Rv Io Vi Io Vi Ro Vo R2 Ro Vo Efficiency is very low No ripples on the input and output sides P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 6 Switching Regulator Ii Ts Vi Io TON Vo 0 Vi Vo Load Io 0 Ii 0 T Efficiency is very high Vo ON Vi Ts Ripples on the input and output sides P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 7 Linear and Switching Power Supplies Linear Switching P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 8 Switching Mode Power Supplies Advantages: • High efficient and small size • DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage (Energy stored is high) • The reactive component requirements are small. Disadvantages: • Control is more complicated • EMC problems P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 9 Power Supply Comparison Power Density Efficiency Linear Power Supply <0.12 W/cm3 <40% SMPS 6W/cm3 >95% P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 10 Power Electronic Applications in Power Generation • Excitation system • Automatic Voltage Regulator • Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro, Wind, Microturbine gas) • Power Conditioners for Renewable Power Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells) • Energy Storage P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 11 Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator D1 D3 D5 D2 D4 D6 Rotor Stator Exciter P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya Main generator 12 Renewable Energy System Solar Cells DC/DC DC/DC Energy Storages Fuel Cells Exhaust Fuel DC/DC AC/DC BUS DC Fuel Cells Fuel Cells Modules Generatr Micro Hydro Electric Power DC/AC Utilitas AC/DC DC/AC AC Loads P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 13 Rote Island Hybrid Power System P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 14 Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission • • • • • • • High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Static VAR Compensators Series Compensation Phase Shifters Dynamic Braking Flexible AC Transmission System High-Speed Circuit Breakers P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 15 Static VAR Compensator • • • • Improving power factor Reducing voltage drop and losses Increasing maximum power transfer Improving damping factor P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 16 HVDC Transmission System AC System AC System DC Line Converter Converter Two - terminals dc system • Asynchronous links • Suitable for long distance transmission and underground cable transmission • Improving damping factor P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 17 Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution • • • • • • • • Static VAR Compensators Power Conditioners Active Filters Unified Power Conditioners Dynamic Voltage Restorers High-Speed Circuit Breakers Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution Power conditioners for distributed power generation P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 18 Active Filter is AC source Ls if es Active filter P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya ih Harmonic source 19 Power Electronic Applications in Transportation Industries • • • • • • High-Speed Trains Electric vehicles Elevators Airplanes Ships Unmanned vehicles P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 20 PWM Inverter for Electric Traction Pantograph PWM Inverter Traction Motors P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 21 Shinkansen P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 22 Electric Traction P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 23 Electric Traction P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 24 Diesel Electric Locomotive P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 25 Toyota Prius P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 26 Ford Escape P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 27 Toyota Siena P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 28 Honda Accord P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 29 Hybrid Vehicles parallel Split Series P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 30 Power Electronic Applications in Industries • • • • • • Rolling mills Variable speed pump systems Cement kilns Rolling ball mills Robotics Electrolysis P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 31 Variable Speed Drive Applications FLOW REFERENCE SET-POINT CONTROLLER MOTORIZED VALVE STARTER SENSOR MOTOR Fixed Speed PUMP FLOW REFERENCE SET-POINT CONTROLLER VSD SENSOR MOTOR PUMP CONTROLLER P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 32 Variable Speed Drives Smoothing inductor AC Motor AC source 3 Smoothing capacitor vout Square - wave inverter Controlled rectifier AC Motor AC source 3 Smoothing capacitor vout Uncontrolled rectifier PWM inverter P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 33 Variable Speed Pumping System VALVE OPERATION WITH STANDARD EFFICIENTMOTOR 70 Pipe characteristic 2 Pipe characteristic 1 60 H2 50 H1 Pump characteristic 1 INPUT KW Head/Press ure 80 ADJUSTABLE SPEED OPERATION WITH ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR 40 30 H3 20 Pump characteristic 2 10 Q2 Q1 Flow 0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 FLOW (GPM) P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 34 Power Electronic Applications in Home Appliances • • • • • • • Microwave heating Air conditioners Refrigerators Toasters Cookers Vacuum cleaners Wash machines P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 35 Power Electronic Applications in Information Industries • • • • • • DC power supplies Distributed power supplies Power conditioners Uninterruptible power supplies Battery chargers Voltage Regulator Modules P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 36 Is power electronics new technology? Power electronics have been developed since the beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and vacuum tubes technology was emerged. Power conversion has been known for a long time by using a combination of electrical machinery. Power electronics development has grown very fast since the introduction of thyristor or SCR (Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen fifties. P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 37 Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics Signal processing Control theory Circuit theory Electronics Solid - state physics Power Electronics Computer Power systems Electric machines Electromagnetics P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 38 Current Challenges • • • • • • • Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors Embedded inverter for motor drives Intelligent power ICs Flexible AC power transmission systems Custom power distribution system Unified power conditioners Renewable energy power generation system P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 39 Microprocessor operating voltages P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 40 Laptop Power Supply System P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 41 Matriks saklar S3 S1 Vi u v Load S2 P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya S4 42 Penyearah tak terkendali Vi S3 S1 Vi u v Load S1 S2 S2 S4 S3 S4 v uv P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 43 Penyearah terkendali Vi S1 S3 S1 S2 Vi u v Load S3 S4 S2 S4 v uv P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 44 AC regulator Vi S3 S1 Vi u S1 v Load S2 S3 S2 S4 S4 vuv P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 45 Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter S1 S3 ei Beban S2 vo S4 ei t S1 & S 4 t S 2 & S3 Fundamenta l component vo t t P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 46 Konverter DC-ke-DC Vi S3 S1 Vi u S1 v Load S2 S3 S2 S4 S4 v uv P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 47 Inverter PWM Vi S3 S1 Vi S1 S2 u v Load S3 S4 S2 S4 v uv P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 48 Understanding Power Electronic Circuits • Consider all power semiconductor switches as ideal switches • Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage current, and transition times are zero. • Practical considerations are given in detailed design. • Background on signal electronics is useful to understand power electronics. P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 49 The End P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 50