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DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd David M. Buchla RLC Circuits and Resonance Chapter 13 Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuits When a circuit contains an inductor and capacitor in series, the reactance of each opposes (i.e., cancels) the other. Total series LC reactance is found using: Xtot XL XC The total impedance is found using: 2 Ztot R 2 X tot The phase angle is found using: R L C VS X tan 1 tot R DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary XL and XC Vs. Frequency A series RLC circuit can be capacitive, inductive, or resistive, depending on the frequency. The frequency where XC=XL is called the resonant frequency. Below the resonant frequency, the circuit is predominantly capacitive. Above the resonant frequency, the circuit is predominantly inductive. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd Reactance XC > XL XL > XC XC XL XC = XL f Series resonance © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Impedance What is the total impedance and phase angle of the series RLC circuit below? The total reactance is X tot XL XC 2 kΩ 5 kΩ 3 kΩ 2 2 2 2 The total impedance is Ztot R X tot 1kΩ 3 kΩ 3.16 kW X tot R The phase angle is θ tan 1 The circuit is capacitive, and I leads V by 71.6o. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd o 1 3 kΩ tan 71.6 1 kΩ VS R XL 1 kW 2 kW XC 5 kW © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Impedance What is the magnitude of the impedance for the circuit below? XL 2fL 2(100 kHz)(330 mH) 207 Ω XC 1 1 796 Ω 2fC 2(100 kHz)(2000 pF) X tot XL XC 207 Ω 796 Ω 589 Ω 2 Z R 2 X tot 470 W (470 Ω)2 (589 Ω)2 753 W DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd L R VS C 330 mH 2000 pF f = 100 kHz © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Impedance Depending on the frequency, the circuit can appear to be capacitive or inductive. The circuit in the previous slide was capacitive because XC > XL. X XL XC XC XL f 100 kHz DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Impedance What is the total impedance for the circuit when the frequency is increased to 400 kHz? XL 2fL 2(400 kHz)(330 mH) 829 Ω 1 1 XC 199 Ω 2fC 2(400 kHz)(2000 pF) X tot XL XC 829 Ω 199 Ω 630 Ω 2 Z R 2 X tot (470 Ω)2 (630 Ω)2 786 W The circuit is now inductive. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd L R 470 W VS C 330 mH 2000 pF f = 400 kHz © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Impedance of Series RLC Circuits By changing the frequency, the circuit in the previous slide inductive (because XL > XC). X XL XL XC XC 400 kHz DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd f © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Voltages The voltages across the RLC components must add to the source voltage in accordance with KVL. Because of the opposite phase shift due to L and C, VL and VC effectively subtract. Notice that VC is out of phase with VL. When they are algebraically added, the result is…. VL 0 VC This example is inductive. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonance At series resonance, XC and XL cancel. VC and VL also cancel because they are equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity. The circuit is purely resistive at resonance. 0 Algebraic sum is zero. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonance A formula for resonance can be found by assuming XC = XL and solving. The result is: 1 fr 2 LC What is the resonant frequency for the circuit? fr 1 2 LC 1 2 (330 mH)(2000 pF) R 470 W VS L C 330 mH 2000 pF 196 kHz DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonance Ideally, at resonance the sum of VL and VC is zero. VS 0V What is VR at resonance? 5.0 Vrms R 470 W VS 5 Vrms DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd By KVL, VR = VS L C 330 mH 2000 pF 5.0 Vrms © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series RLC Circuit Impedance The general shape of the impedance versus frequency for a series RLC circuit is superimposed on the curves for XL and XC. Notice that at the resonant frequency, the circuit is resistive, and Z = R. X XL Z XC Z=R f Series resonance DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonance Summary of important concepts for series resonance: • Capacitive and inductive reactances are equal. • Total impedance is a minimum and is resistive. • The current is maximum. • The phase angle between VS and IS is zero. • fr is calculated using: DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd 1 fr 2 LC © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonant Filters Series resonant circuits can be used as filters. A band-pass filter allows signals within a range of frequencies to pass. Vout Resonant circuit L Circuit response C Vin Vout R f Series resonance DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonant Filters The response curve has a peak; meaning the current is maximum at resonance and falls off at frequencies below and above resonance. The maximum current (at resonance) develops maximum voltage across the series resistor(s). The bandwidth (BW) of the filter is the range of frequencies over which the output is equal to or greater than 70.7% of its maximum value. f1 and f2 are commonly referred to as the critical frequencies, cutoff frequencies or half-power frequencies. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd I or Vout Passband 1.0 0.707 f f1 fr f2 BW © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Decibels Filter responses are often described in terms of decibels (dB). The decibel is defined as: Pout dB 10 log Pin Example: When output power is half the input power, the ratio of Pout/Pin = ½, and 1 dB 10log 3 dB 2 When circuit input and output voltages are known, the filter response can be calculated using: V dB 20 log out Vin DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Selectivity Selectivity describes the basic frequency response of a resonant circuit. (The -3 dB frequencies are marked by the dots.) Greatest Selectivity Medium Selectivity Least Selectivity The greater the Q of a filter at a given resonant frequency, the higher it’s selectivity. fr BW Q 0 f BW1 Which curve represents the highest Q? The one with the greatest selectivity. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd BW2 BW3 © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Series Resonant Filters By taking the output across the resonant circuit, a band-stop (or notch) filter is produced. Circuit response Vin Vout R Resonant circuit Vout L Stop band 1 0.707 C f f1 fr f2 BW DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance Conductance, susceptance, and admittance were defined in Chapter 10 as the reciprocals of resistance, reactance and impedance. As a review: Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. 1 G R Susceptance is the reciprocal of reactance. 1 B X Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance. 1 Y Z DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel RLC Circuit Impedance The admittance can be used to find the impedance. Start by calculating the total susceptance: Btot BL BC The admittance is given by: 2 Y G2 Btot The impedance is the reciprocal of the admittance: The phase angle is: Btot tan G DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd Z tot 1 Y 1 VS R L C © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel RLC Circuit Impedance What is the total impedance of the parallel RLC circuit below? First, determine the conductance and total susceptance as follows: 1 1 G 1 mS R 1 kΩ BL The total admittance is: Ztot 1 1 0.5 ms X L 2 kΩ 1 Y 1 1.13 mS 881 W Btot BL BC 0.3 mS 2 Ytot G 2 Btot 1mS 2 0.3 mS 2 1.13 mS DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd VS R 1 kW XL 2 kW XC 5 kW © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary AC Response of Parallel RLC Circuits The total current is given by: IC A typical current phasor diagram for a parallel RLC circuit is shown. Itot IR2 (IC IL )2 +90o IR The phase angle is given by: IL -90o ICL θ tan IR 1 DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel RLC Circuit Currents The currents in the RLC components must add to the source current in accordance with KCL. Because of the opposite phase shifts of IL and IC (relative to VS) they effectively subtract. Notice that IC is out of phase with IL. When they are algebraically added, the result is…. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd IC 0 IL © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel RLC Circuit Currents Draw a diagram of the phasors having values of IR = 12 mA, IC = 22 mA and IL = 15 mA. IC 20 mA 10 mA •Set up a grid. •Plot the currents on the appropriate axes. 0 mA •Combine the reactive currents. 10 mA •Use the total reactive current and IR to find the total current. 20 mA IR IL In this case, Itot = 16.6 mA DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonance Ideally, IC and IL cancel at parallel resonance because they are equal and opposite. Thus, the circuit is purely resistive at resonance. Notice that IC is out of phase with IL. When they are algebraically added, the result is…. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd IC The algebraic sum is zero. 0 IL © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonance The formula for the resonant frequency in both parallel and series circuits is the same: fr 1 2 LC (ideal case) What is the resonant frequency for the circuit? fr 1 2 LC 1 2π (680 mH)(15 nF) R 1.0 1 kW kW C L 680 680mH mH 15 nF 49.8 kHz DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd VS © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonance in Non-ideal Circuits In practical circuits, there is a small current through the coil at resonance and the resonant frequency is not exactly given by the ideal equation. The Q of the coil affects the equation for resonance: 1 fr 2 LC Q2 Q2 1 (non-ideal) For Q >10, the difference between the ideal and the non-ideal formula is less than 1%, and generally can be ignored. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Bandwidth of Resonant Circuits In a parallel resonant circuit, impedance is maximum and current is minimum. The bandwidth (BW) can be defined in terms of the impedance curve. Ztot A parallel resonant circuit is commonly referred to as a tank circuit because of its ability to store energy like a storage tank. Zmax 0.707Zmax f1 fr f2 f BW DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonance Summary of important concepts for parallel resonance: • Capacitive and inductive susceptance are equal. • Total impedance is a maximum (ideally infinite). • The current is minimum. • The phase angle between VS and IS is zero. • The resonant frequency (fr) is given by DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd 1 fr 2 LC © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonant Filters Parallel resonant circuits can also be used for band-pass or band-stop filters. A basic band-pass filter is shown below. Vout R Vin Vout L C Passband 1.0 0.707 Resonant circuit f Parallel resonant band-pass filter f1 fr f2 BW DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Parallel Resonant Filters For the band-stop filter, the positions of the resonant circuit and resistance are reversed as shown here. C Vin Vout Vout L R Stop band 1 0.707 Resonant circuit Parallel resonant band-stop filter f f1 fr f2 BW DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Key Ideas for Resonant Filters A band-pass filter allows frequencies between two critical frequencies and rejects all others. •A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical frequencies and passes all others. •Band-pass and band-stop filters can be made from both series and parallel resonant circuits. •The bandwidth of a resonant filter is determined by the Q and the resonant frequency. •The output voltage at a critical frequency is 70.7% of the maximum. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Key Terms Series resonance A condition in a series RLC circuit in which the reactances ideally cancel and the impedance is a minimum. Resonant frequency (fr) The frequency at which resonance occurs; also known as the center frequency. Parallel resonance Tank circuit A condition in a parallel RLC circuit in which the reactances ideally are equal and the impedance is a maximum. A parallel resonant circuit. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Key Terms Half-power frequency The frequency at which the output power of a resonant circuit is 50% of the maximum value (the output voltage is 70.7% of maximum); another name for critical or cutoff frequency. Decibel Ten times the logarithmic ratio of two powers. Selectivity A measure of how effectively a resonant circuit passes desired frequencies and rejects all others. Generally, the narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 1. In practical series and parallel resonant circuits, the total impedance of the circuit at resonance will be a. capacitive b. inductive c. resistive d. none of the above DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 2. In a series resonant circuit, the current at the halfpower frequency is a. maximum b. minimum c. 70.7% of the maximum value d. 70.7% of the minimum value DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 3. The frequency represented by the red dashed line is the a. resonant frequency X b. half-power frequency XL c. critical frequency d. all of the above XC f f DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 4. In a series RLC circuit, if the frequency is below the resonant frequency, the circuit will appear to be a. capacitive b. inductive c. resistive d. answer depends on the particular components DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 5. In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency can be found from the equation b. BW Q 1 fr 2 LC c. f r 0.707 I max d. fr a. fr 1 2 LC DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 6. In an ideal parallel resonant circuit, the total impedance at resonance is a. zero b. equal to the resistance c. equal to the reactance d. infinite DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 7. In a parallel RLC circuit, the magnitude of the total current is always the a. same as the current in the resistor. b. phasor sum of all of the branch currents. c. same as the source current. d. difference between resistive and reactive currents. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 8. If you increase the frequency in a parallel RLC circuit, the total current a. will not change b. will increase c. will decrease d. can increase or decrease depending on if it is above or below resonance. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 9. The phase angle between the source voltage and current in a parallel RLC circuit will be positive if a. IL is larger than IC b. IL is larger than IR c. both a and b d. none of the above DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Quiz 10. A highly selectivity circuit will have a a. small BW and high Q. b. large BW and low Q. c. large BW and high Q. d. none of the above DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved Ch.13 Summary Answers DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd 1. c 6. d 2. c 7. b 3. a 8. d 4. a 9. d 5. b 10. a © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved