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Transducers
&
General Applications
Solutions by Industry
Automotive &
Off-road
Braking systems, common fuel rail, fuel tank
level, auto crash testing, car alarms,
tire pressure, vehicular safety
Medical
Disposable blood pressure sensors, respirators,
ventilators, sleep apnea, infusion pump,
pacemaker, electronic stethoscope, renal and
blood separation pressure sensors, ambulatory
medical devices
Commercial
Building
Air duct flow, elevator load detection
Business &
Retail Equipment
Beverage dispensing, security protection, ATM
banknote thickness, coin counting and
validation
Appliances
Washing machine level and load imbalance,
microwave food weight, touch-sensitive
controls
Solutions by Industry
Traffic & Mass
Transit
Traffic counters, weigh-in-motion, toll collection,
train brakes and controls
Power &
Utilities
Tank liquid level, gas turbines, nuclear power
plant controls, water purifiers, flow meters, power
generation controls
Industrial
Machinery
Manufacturing process controls, valve and flow
controls, compressor output, paint sprayers,
stamping machine load cells
Consumer
Electronics
E-Pen digitizer, musical instrument pickups,
pedometer, bathroom scale, directive speakers,
sports scoring, parking meter
Aerospace &
Defense
Flight controls, missile firing/guidance, fuel/oil
pressure, air traffic avoidance, safe weapons firing,
fence/perimeter security
Application of micro-fused Sensors
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Pumps
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Compressors
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Railroad
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Diesel engines
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Paint sprayers
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Refrigeration
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Chillers
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Automotive Test
equipment
Fertilizer spraying
Refrigeration
Diesel engines
Airless
paint sprayers
Sensor Technology
(MEMS – IC Sensors)
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Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
– MEMS design and simulation
– Micromachining (Silicon and glass);
wafer processing (strategic partnerships)
– Packaging, test, calibration
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Pressure Sensors
– Die or packaged, absolute & gauge
– Metal isolated (vacuum/oil filled)
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Pressure Sensors
Accelerometers
– 1-2 axis; piezoresistive transduction
– 3-layer structure (dampening, shock protection)
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Development Efforts
– Flow, Hydrogen, Humidity Sensors
– Small, low G accelerometer
Mass Accelerometer
IC Sensors Application
Disposable blood pressure
Atomic force microscope
Infusion pumps
Sensor Technology
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(Linear/Rotary Displacement)
Linear Displacement: LVDT, LVIT, LCIT
– Non-contact, electromagnetic device
– Infinite resolution (sub-micron;
2 nm applications)
– Excellent null repeatability
– Rugged designs for harsh conditions
– Variety of sizes (>1” to 12”) and options
(AC/DC, high temp, compensation, etc.)
– Standard or custom engineered
– Gage heads and readout systems
– Large installed base
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Schaevitz Linear and
Rotary Sensors
Rotary Displacement: RVIT, RVDT, RSYN, R120LC
– Non-contacting design means virtually infinite rotational life
– Infinite resolution
– 360 degree rotation
– Variety of standard sizes and options or custom engineered
Sensor Technology
(Linear/Rotary Displacement)
Industrial Actuators
lifts
Sub-sea Operations
Wheel Alignment
Sensor Technology
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(Piezoelectric Film)
Piezoelectric Polymer Characteristics
– Transmitter or receiver
– Wide dynamic range (nano strain – 109 Newtons)
– Broad frequency response (0.1 Hz – 100 MHz)
– Die cut into any shape
– Spun into cable
– Patterned metallizations
(electrodes, sputtering)
– Flexible, robust, inert, biocompatible
Applications
– Electronic stethoscope
– Ultrasonic pen digitizer
– Anti-tamper sensor
– Traffic cable (weigh-in-motion, speed, toll)
– Security fencing/cable
– Activity monitor
– Vibration sensor (appliances, alarms)
– Sonar
– Dynamic impact load cell
– Ultrasonic directional speakers
– Microphones (musical instrument pickup)
Piezo converts
mechanical strain to
voltage…and
changes dimension
with applied voltage
PCMCIA Anti-tamper Panel
Piezoelectric Sensor Application
Remote reading water meter
Traffic
Vibration
Sensor Technology
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(Other Applications)
Capacitive Tilt Sensors
– Single and dual axis
– 0.1 degree resolution
– Temperature compensated
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Fluid Level Sensor
– Spring-mounted float produces
readings through a Hall Effect device
– Oil, transmission fluid for off-road vehicles
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Dual-axis Tilt Sensor
Duralith Keypads and Membrane Switches
– Advanced graphics and durability
– Applications include medical devices, point-of-sale,
hand-held scanners, equipment control panels
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Value-Added Assembly
– Highly cost-competitive, one-stop approach
– Housings and subassemblies for medical equipment
consumer electronics, automotive components, etc.
Disposable Blood Pressure
Sensor Assembly
What is PVDF?
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Polyvinylidene Fluoride, PVF, PVDF
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Chemical Makeup: CH2-CF2 Polymer Chain
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Engineering Plastic Sold under the Trade Name, Kynar®
– Rugged
– Chemically Inert
– Electrical Insulator
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Uses:
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Lining of Chemical Tanks/Pipes
Wire Wrap Insulation
Paints to Protect Steel Structures
Capacitor Film
“Unleaded Gasoline” Labels
Manufacturing Piezofilm
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High purity, electronics-grade PVDF resin pellets
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Extrude to form relatively thick film
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Stretch (draw ratio 5:1) to orient the film
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Polarize under intense electric field (“poling”) - continuous
corona process
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Anneal to achieve temperature stability
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Electrodes: screen-print or vacuum-metallize
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Laminate if required
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Die-cut, using steel-rule die
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Lead-attachment
Numerical Classification of Axes
g31 -- stretch axis
g32 -- transverse to stretch axis
g33 -- thickness and polarization axis
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Dynamic transducer material - generates charge or voltage in response to
change in stress or temperature
Excellent linearity - charge/voltage is proportional to applied stress over
very wide range
Dynamic range: over 14 orders of magnitude (>280 dB) - from fC to mC,
nV to kV
High voltage sensitivity (20 x piezoceramic PZT)
Very broad bandwidth: from mHz to GHz
Low Q factor: can be < 1 in water, < 12 in air
High dielectric strength: up to 100 V/micron
flexible material, conforms to curved surfaces
Frequency Response of Piezo Film
12 decade freq response of piezo film
cryogenic tests
particle sizing probe
ink level switch
u/s flowmeter
limit of air u/s microscope
small digitizers
large-area digitizers
ultra-high-speed vibration
fence-mounted cable
buried cable upper limit
typical imbalance signals
LLF of ACH-01 accelerometer
LLF of ACH-04-08-05 accelerometer
prototype accelerometer
1E-4
1E-2
1E0
1E4
1E2
Frequency (Hz)
1E6
1E8
1E10
Limitations of Piezo Film
• Temperature limited to < 125 deg C in most applications
• Piezo response varies over operating temperature band
• Wide tolerance on absolute sensitivity, capacitance
• Responds to all 3 axes simultaneously, and thermal events
• Mechanical boundary conditions may influence output
• Relatively low capacitance, therefore high impedance
• May require careful shielding from EMI/RFI
• Material may not be soldered directly, needs wire/crimps
Equivalent Circuit of Piezo Film
Piezo film can be modelled as a voltage source in series
with a passive capacitance
When connected to a resistive load, the network becomes
a high-pass filter
Interfacing to Piezo Film
Charge preamplifier
Charge preamplifier
Applications of Piezo Film
• Accelerometers
• Actuators
• Contact microphones
• Flexible switches
• Hydrophones
• Impact/shock sensors
• Motion sensors
• PIR, pyroelectric or thermal sensors
• Piezo cable
• Traffic sensors
• Ultrasonic transducers
Applications
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(Accelerometers)
Calorie tracker
Fence security sensor
Gun recoil
High-speed pump monitor
Imbalance detection
Leak detection (water transmission)
Loudspeaker motional feedback
Ultracentrifuge bearing monitor
Vehicle motion detector
Applications
(Speaker Motional Feedback)
Accelerometer on subwoofers of
new monitors
Each subwoofer is individually
controlled, giving absolutely flat
response to 20 Hz
Applications
(Contact Microphone)
• Apnea sensors
• Blood pressure cuff microphone
• Coin validation sensor
• Glass-break sensor
• Guitar/acoustic instrument pick-up
• Stethoscope sensor
Applications
(Acoustic Guitar Pick-up)
Fishman Transducers produce high
quality saddle-mounted pick-ups
Pick-ups for guitars, mandolins,
harps, pianos…
Applications
(Coin Validator)
Small element of piezo film as a contact microphone
Listening to the frequencies emitted by coins as they roll
down a mechanism
Fake coins have completely different acoustic “signature”
Applications
(Washing Machine Imbalance)
LDTM-028K sensor
(laminated element with added mass)
as a simple accelerometer to detect
load imbalance during spin cycle
Applications
(Ultrasonic Digitizers)
• Electronic white boards; piezo film based air
ranging ultrasound transducers
• Retrofit market for 89 million existing white boards
• Real time conference calls over the Internet
Applications
(Speakers)
Mid-Range Surround
Sound Speaker
VOLTAGE APPLIED
NO VOLTAGE APPLIED