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Transcript
Experimental Study of the Machian Mass Fluctuation Effect Using a µN Thrust Balance N. Buldrini, K. Marhold, B. Seifert and M. Tajmar Space Propulsion – ARC Seibersdorf Research [email protected] Machian Mass Fluctuations 1 2 Impulse Term Exotic Mass Generator term Always negative! Machian Mass Fluctuations Mass Fluctuation in a Capacitor Delivered Power ≈ Capacitor Volume Mass Fluctuations for Propulsion Ballast Mass Fluctuating Mass What if you can make the mass of a capacitor fluctuating and act on it in a direction when it is heavier and in the opposite direction when it is lighter? Machian Mass Fluctuations The Devices Actuator (piezoelectric material) Thrust Capacitor Ballast Mass ~ Power Supply Machian Mass Fluctuations The Devices Coil ~ Capacitor ~ Electric Field Power Supply The “Flux Capacitor” Magnetic Field Force Machian Mass Fluctuations The Devices F E B The Tested Devices E B Thrust Mach-5C Direction Capacitors are Mach-6C under the coil Claimed Thrust: Claimed Thrust: ~ 30 μN 100-200 μN The Tested Devices The Experimental Setup Vacuum Chamber and Thrust Balance Thrust Balance arrangement inside the Chamber. Balance succesfully tested with In-FEEP thrusters! Device Pivot Vacuum Chamber used for testing Material: Stainless Steel Vacuum: 10-6 mbar Sensor Assmbly The Experimental Setup Device Arrangement on the Balance The Experimental Setup Thrust Balance Device Mounted on the Balance The Experimental Setup Thrust Balance C-Flex G-10 Flexural Pivots Thrust Balance Pivot and Device Feeding Cables The Experimental Setup Thrust Balance Optic Sensor Detail Optic Sensor and Damping Actuator Assemblies The Experimental Setup Thrust Balance Philtec D64 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensor • Principle: Measures the reflection of light • Only fiber optic parts in the vacuum chamber (no EMI) • Noise: 0.008 µm (DC-100Hz) The Experimental Setup Device Wiring Schematics Same setup used by Woodward and March. Amplifiers from March and original step-up transfomers from Woodward. Experimental Results Mach-5C This kind of behaviour indicates the presence of thermal effects on the feeding wires Experimental Results Mach-5C Predicted thrust at 90° phase shift between capacitor voltage and coil current: ~ 5µN Zero thrust predicted at 180° phase shift Thermal drift is still present. Experimental Results Mach-6C - Capacitor Power - Coil Power - Thrust Trace Cap.voltage: 3.2 kVp Coil Field: 250 Gauss Frequency: 52 kHz Cap.V / Coil I - Phase Relationship: 90deg Expect. Thrust: ~150µN The thermal drift has been reduced re-arranging the wiring and reducing the firing time to 2 seconds Experimental Results Mach-6C 50µN Pulse Superimposed Cap.voltage: 2.5 kVp Coil Field: 200 Gauss Frequency: 55 kHz Cap.V / Coil I - Phase Relationship: 270deg Expect. Thrust: ~50µN - Capacitor Power - Coil Power - Thrust Trace A pulse of 50µN was generated during the firing time by the calibration actuator, to test the response of the balance Experimental Results Balance Response to Short Pulses A series of short pulses was generated using the calibration actuator, to evaluate the balance response at different thrust/pulse duration values Experimental Results Mach-6C Mach-6C was sent back to Woodward to be tested again Then the device was sent back again to ARC-sr Tests in air by Woodward showed a thrust effect possibily due to an electromagnetic interaction. The device has been then potted, and tested in vacuum. A residual thrust of 100-200µN was recorded Experimental Results Mach-6C Potted Cap.voltage: 3 kVp Coil Field: 200 Gauss Frequency: 52 kHz Cap.V / Coil I - Phase Relationship: 270deg Expect. Thrust: ~75µN The phase relationship is changing during firing time, expecially at high capacitor power levels. Two calibration pulses of 50µN were generated with duration of 0.8 and 0.5 seconds to test the response of the balance in case of shorter thrust events Experimental Results Mach-6C Potted Capacitor + Coil Energized together Only Capacitor Energized Experimental Results Mach-6C Potted Only Capacitor Energized (Shielded Cable) Only Capacitor Energized Experimental Results Test at Higher Frequency / Different Dielectric Dielectric: Titanium Oxide Series Tank Circuit Self-contained Device Voltage: 2.3 kVp Frequency: 2 MHz Expected Thurst: 1 ÷ 6 mN No thrust was detected within the sensibility of the used electronic balance (0.1mN) Conclusions and recommendations • Mach thrusters, tested by Woodward, were characterized using highly sensitive µN thrust balance used for electric propulsion • Our measurements rule out a thrust above 50% of the theoretical predictions and previous claims. It is likely, that this threshold is even reduced to 10% as indicated by part of our data. • A device operating at higher frequencies and with different dielectric was designed and built at ARC-sr. No thrust of the magnitude predicted by the models developed by Woodward/March/Palfreyman was observed • An upgrade of the sensor setup presently used by Woodward/March to a torsion balance or a ballistic pendulum setup is recommended • Due to the difficulties in keeping the right phase relationship between E and B fields, and thus same operating conditions, the development of a device based on a tank design is recommended • The development of a self-contained device similar to the one built at ARC-sr is proposed as well, using barium titanate as dielectric