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ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
 MEMBERS OF THE GROUP
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
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ANIL KHATIK – 13BEEEG101
RISHI CHAWLA- 13BEEEG127
MONARK PATEL-13BEEEG129
ROHIT NAIR
-13BEEEG128
 GUIDED BY: Prof. SHEETAL .M. PUJARA
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Electrical Engg. Dept.
S.V.I.T. Vasad.
There are different types of lamps such as
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INCANDENSCENT OR FILAMENT LAMP
 FLOURESCENT LAMP
 MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
 COMPACT FLOURESCENT LAMP(CFL)
 LED LAMP
 METAL HALIDE LAMP
 HALOGEN LAMP
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
INCANDENSCENT LAMP
 These lamps are known as filament lamps as it
consists of tungsten filament between two lead
wires.
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PRINCIPLE :-These lamps works on the principle of that
when a body is heated , radiant energy is emitted out in
waveform.
As the temperature increases , the wave length of the
emitted radiation decreases until the waves are in visible
light range.
The rated voltage life of such lamps is about 1000 working
hours.
Incandescent Lamps
• An incandescent light bulb,
incandescent lamp or incandescent
light globe is an electric light which
produces light with a filament wire
heated to a high temperature by an
electric current passing through it,
until it glows . The hot filament is
protected from oxidation with a glass
or quartz bulb that is filled with inert
gas.
CONSTRUCTION OF
INCANDENSCENT LAMP
 It consists of tungsten filament enclosed in air tight glass chamber.
 Chemically inert gas is filled in the bulb to prevent oxidation and lowering of
filament temperature.
 Usually nitrogen or argon gas is used and sometimes a mixture of 85% of argon
and 15% of nitrogen is also used.
 Follwing are the parts of incandenscent lamp:
 Filament – It is in coil form in order to reduce the heat loss and to increase
efficiency .
 Support wires are used for supporting the filament and are made up of
molybdenum wires .
 Base :-To fix the lamp in holder. It is made up of alluminium wire.
• Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range
of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts
to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating
equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work
equally well on either alternating current or direct
current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely
used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps,
and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising
lighting.
• In addressing the question of who
invented the incandescent lamp,
historians Robert Friedel and Paul
Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent
lamps prior to Joseph Swan and
Thomas Edison. They conclude that
Edison's version was able to outstrip
the others because of a combination of
three factors: an effective incandescent
material, a higher vacuum than others
were able to achieve and a high
resistance that made power
distribution from a centralized source
economically viable.
Vacuum lamps
• Current is passed through a filament
(tungsten).The temperature of the wire is raised and
light as well as heat energy is emitted.Higher the
temperature,higher is the amount of light energy
radiated.Thus ,lamp filament should be of such a
material whose temperature can be raised quickly
without causing any damage to it.Tungsten has a
high melting point (3400*C), high resistivity,low
temperature coefficient (0.0051) and low vapour
pressure.It is ductile and has the mechanical
strength to withstand vibrations.These amps are
used below 40W.
Vaccuum lamps
Gas filled lamps
Different colours of
light when
different gases are
used.
Halogen Lamps
• A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten
halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine
lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small
amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine
added. The combination of the halogen gas and
the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle
chemical reaction which redeposits evaporated
tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its
life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope.
Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated
at a higher temperature than a standard gasfilled lamp of similar power and operating life,
producing light of a higher luminous efficacy
and color temperature. The small size of halogen
lamps permits their use in compact optical
systems for projectors and illumination.
Advantages of Halogen Lamps
Their life is almost double that
of conventional tungsten lamp.
Almost no blackening.Hence a
high lumen output is maintained
throughout the life of the lamp.
Better colour
Reduced Dimensions
 Halogen lamps are very suitable for outdoor
illlumination of buildings, play grounds, car parks,
airport runways etc.
 They are available upto 5kW.
Mercury vapour lamps
• A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp that uses an electric arc
through vaporized mercury to produce
light. The arc discharge is generally
confined to a small fused quartz arc tube
mounted within a larger borosilicate glass
bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or
coated with a phosphor; in either case,
the outer bulb provides thermal
insulation, protection from the ultraviolet
radiation the light produces, and a
convenient mounting for the fused quartz
arc tube.
Advantages of Mercury vapour
lamps
• Mercury vapour lamps are more energy efficient than
incandescent and most fluorescent lights, with
luminous efficiencies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt.
• Long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a
high intensity, clear white light output. For these
reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting,
such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as
well as for streetlights.
• They offer better color rendition than the more
efficient high or low-pressure sodium vapor lamps.
Mercury lamps
Sodium vapour lamps
 Sodium vapour lamps have replaced mercury lamps due to
their high lumen output for the same power input.
 The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50
lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours.
 It is not affected by voltage variations.
 The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to
withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium.
 The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly
horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform
throughout.
Sodium vapour lamps
Neon tube
Fluorescent Tubes\Lamps
• The tubes filled with argon gas at low pressure and one
or two drops of mercury.
• The inner surface of the tube has a thin coating of
fluorescent material. Different colours can be obtained
depending upon the type of coating material used.
• It is provided with two electrodes coated with electron
emissive material. The mercury vapour emits UV
radiation when electric charge is passed through it.
The fluorescent coating curves UV radiation into
visible light.
Fluorescent lamps
Compact Fluorescent lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp
 A compact fluorescent lamp(CFL) is a type of
fluorescent lamp.
 Compared to other incandescent lamps CFLs use less
power to give same amount of visible light.
 They have longer rated life, but generally have o high
purchase price.
 Like all other fluorescent lamps , CFLs contain
mercury , this complicates the disposal of fluorescent
lamps.
Construction of CFLs
 There are two main parts in CFLs:
 1)The gas filled tube and
 2)The magnetic or electronic ballast.
 Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with
rectifiers , a filter capacitor and usually two switching
transistors connected as high frequency resonant
series DC to AC converter.
 The resulting high frequency is then applied to the
lamp.
WORKING
 Electrical energy in the form of an electrical current
from the ballast flows through the gas , causing it to
emit ultraviolet light.
 The ultraviolet light then excites the white phosphor
coating on the tube .
 The coating emits visible light . CFLs then flickr when
they have magnetic ballasts.
Advantages
 They have life span of about 6000 to 15000 hours.
 They are power saving lamps.
LED LAMP
 LED lamp is a type of solid state lighting that utilizes
light emitting diodes as a source of illumination .
 LED lamps are usually cluster of LEDs in a suitable
housing.
 They come in different shapes.
LEDs of
different
colour
THEY ARE
HIGHLY
EFFICIENT
ADVANTAGES OF LED
 HIGH EFFICIENCY
 LEDs are now available that reliably offer over 100
lumen from a one watt device .
 SMALL SIZE
 They provides design facility , can be arranged in
rows, rings and clustres.
 HIGH DURABILITY
 They have no filament or tube to break.
APPLICATIONS
 TRAFFIC LIGHTS
 STAGE LIGHTNING
 ELECTRIC TORCHES
 BILLBOARD DISPLAYS
 TRAIN LIGHTS
 DOMESTIC LIGHTNING
 FLOODLIGHTNING OF BUILDINGS
IMAGES OF LAMPS
THANKYOU