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AN INTERCONNECTION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR (PVG) With THE POWER UTILITES GRID: Study Cases Dr. Maamar Taleb Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department University of Bahrain Energy Economy & Energy Management Forum (EEEMF2015) for MENA & Fourth Renewable Energy National Dialogue Amman – Jordan May 18-20, 2015 Agenda • • • • • • • • Motivation and Rationale Conventional Way of Interconnection Proposed Idea of Interconnection PV Panels Characteristics Control Strategy Experimental Setup Performance Conclusions MOTIVATION AND RATIONALE Global Primary Energy Demand X 3 Primary energy supply (Mtoe) 4000 3500 X 3 3000 2500 2005 2050 X 6 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Biomass Other renewables Fuente: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 BLUE Map scenary: reducción global emisiones de CO2 en un 50% en 2050/2005 • US … 20% Wind by 2030 (1 % now) • EU … 20% Renewable Energy by 2020 • China … 30 GW Wind by 2020 • India … 12 GW Wind by 2012 Europe´s commitment in the promotion of renewables: Directive 20/20 Conventional Way of Interconnection continued Initiative of Interconnection VLoad K1 cos( ) 30 0 90 0 0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 200 0 -200 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 1 1 0 Pulses 0.5 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0 15 10 0.4 5 0 0.5 0.04 Iload Iload Pulses -200 Vs and Vload 200 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.2 0 Proposed Way of Interconnection Bridge Rectifier AC Main Supply Rectifier ly pp Su n ge ai a M olt V _ 0 0 Firing angle Controller + P V G DC Voltage Source C iring 9 le > Ang Smoothing Coil A AC load Firing Pulses (900 ££1800) PV Panels Photo PV Panels Circuit and Mathematical Model Ig (Voc Vg ) A BV g CVg Pg Vg I g 2 Vg (Voc Vg ) A BV g CVg 2 PV MODEL PARAMETERS DETERMINATION RL1= 23.8 RL2=13.5 RL3=4.3 PV MODEL Parameters Determination I m1 I m2 I m3 I m4 (Voc Vm1 ) A BV m1 CVm1 2 (Voc Vm 2 ) A BV m 2 CVm 2 2 (Voc Vm3 ) A BV m3 CVm3 2 (Voc Vm 4 ) A BV m 4 CVm 4 2 PV Panels Characteristics 5 11:00 am Ig (A) 4 9:00 am 3 2 3:00 pm 1:00 pm 1 0 0 5 Pg (W) 100 10 15 20 Vg (Volt) (a) 25 30 35 40 30 35 40 11:00 am 9:00 am 50 0 1:00 pm 0 5 3:00 pm 10 15 20 Vg (Volt) 25 Firing Angle Controller Block Diagram DC Side Power Maximum Power Tracker Desired Firing Angle 900 1800 Firing Pulses Insolation Level Pulses Generator PCC Voltage (a) Maximum PVG Power Measured PVG Power Pg, max error + - Out = k if error > Out = 0 if Error Out = - k if error < - out Output Conditionner PPVG 1800 Gain _____ S 900 Integrator & Limiter Firing angle Insolation I Corresponding Level Converter Of angle to Voltage Level AC Main Voltage Firing Pulses Fi ring angle (b) Synchronized Sawtooth Generator (c) Comparator Experimental Setup Performance (before Interconnection of PV Panels) Performance (after Interconnection of PV Panels) Limitations & Drawbacks (Of Current Experimental Setup) • Equipment Ratings • Low Power Factor • Harmonics Generation Harmonics Generation Solution AC Main Supply (i.e Power Grid) PW Ps is iw ih PW + Controlled Bridge Converter Wind Driven DC Machine Ph Controlled Bridge Converter Ppvg P pvg ipvg Active Power Filter - + PhotoVoltaic Generator (i.e Solar Pannels) (f) 0.66 0.68 0.7 Iline1 (A) 0 -2 0.64 10 0 -10 0.64 10 0 -10 0.64 10 0 -10 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.68 time (s) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 -20 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 2 0 -2 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 10 0 -10 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 10 0 -10 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 10 0 -10 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 time (s) Vs (V) Is (A) -20 0.64 2 0 Iline1 (A) 0 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 20 Iline2 (A) Vs (V) 0.7 Is (A) 0.68 Iline2 (A) Is (A) 0.66 200 0 -200 Ih & Ihref (A) Iline (A) (e) 0.64 20 200 0 -200 Ih & Ihref (A) Iline (A) (d) Iline1 (A) (c) Iline2 (A) (b) 200 0 -200 Ih & Ihref (A) Iline (A) (a) Vs (V) Harmonics Generation Solution Continued 1.16 20 1.18 1.2 1.18 1.2 -2 1.16 1.18 1.2 10 0 -10 1.16 1.18 1.2 10 0 -10 1.16 1.18 1.2 1.18 time (s) 1.2 0 -20 1.16 2 0 10 0 -10 1.16 Conclusions • Interconnecting PVG source to a main AC supply was investigated. - The interconnection was done using a bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier was operated in an “inverter mode of operation”. • Quite encouraging results were reached when taken under a random insolation level. For an almost 130 W power required by an ac load connected at the ac side of the bridge, the PVG source contributed nearly 69.23 % of such power while the main ac supply supplied the rest 33.77 % of power to the AC load.