Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
G4 Group #1 ★ Can We ‘Grow’ Electricity?! Zhi Wei Ngion, Tiffany Park, Leo Siha, Amy Wan, Sherry Zhang Introduction • Generating power produces – Pollution – Global warming • Lemon and potato as power sources: – Clean – Renewable – Biodegradable ★ Physics Experiment • Voltage output of lemon & potato batteries • How time affects the battery’s effectiveness ★ ★ Physics Data Presentation Experiment I day 1 day 2 lemon voltage ± 0.001V lemon Voltage ± 0.001V 1 0.985 1 0.993 2 0.990 2 0.951 3 0.973 3 0.989 4 1.000 4 0.963 5 1.008 5 0.950 Average 0.991 Average 0.969 ★ Physics Data Presentation Potato Voltage ± 0.001V Potato Voltage ± 0.001V #1 0.808 #1 0.743 #2 0.895 #2 0.814 #3 0.928 #3 0.794 #4 0.938 #4 0.940 #5 0.992 #5 0.857 Average 0.912 Average 0.830 Physics ★ Conclusion • Lemon batteries’ potential difference (voltage output) are relatively larger • Average potential difference (voltage output) of the batteries decrease as time increases Chemistry How do lemon batteries create electricity? Oxidation-reduction (redox) • These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between substances. • Redox reactions release energy, and this energy can be used to do work if the reactions take place in a voltaic cell. ★ Chemistry ★ Standard Electrode Potentials • The cell potential is a measure of the difference between the two electrode potentials. • The standard electrode potentials, Eo , in aqueous solutions of Cu and Al are +0.34 and –1.66 V with reference to hydrogen H. • The cell voltage of the ”lemon battery” is the “difference”, U = (+0.34) – (-1.66) = 2 V. Chemistry ★ Experiment To investigate the relationship between the acidity of the lemon and its voltage output. ★ Chemistry Data Presentation Experiment II China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average Voltage ± 0.001 V 0.961 0.991 0.505 0.947 0.964 0.976 0.969 0.940 0.957 0.947 0.916 pH ± 0.1 Thailand 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 Average Voltage ± 0.001 V 0.948 0.976 0.517 0.947 0.955 0.869 pH ± 0.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 ★ Chemistry Data Presentation Voltage vs. pH level Graph (corrected) 1.000 y = -0.0207x + 1.0222 R² = 0.0436 Voltage (V) 0.990 0.980 0.970 0.960 0.950 0.940 0.930 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 pH level 3.2 3.3 3.4 ★ Chemistry Data Presentation Voltage vs. pH level Graph 1.100 Voltage (V) 1.000 0.900 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 pH level 3.2 3.3 3.4 Chemistry Conclusion • UNABLE TO PROVE: Linear relationship between voltage and acidity • The conditions of the electrodes will affect the voltage of the battery ★ Biology Experiment To investigate the geographic origins & mass of the lemons. Also the relationship of the mass of lemon with its voltage output. ★ ★ Biology Data Presentation Lemons from the USA Mass ± 0.1g Voltage ± 0.001 V pH ± 0.1 1 164.13 g 0.907 3.0 2 179.75 g 0.946 2.9 3 155.31 g 0.914 3.0 4 173.60 g 0.906 3.0 Average 168.20 g 0.918 3.0 ★ Biology Data Presentation Lemons from China Mass ± 0.1g Voltage ± 0.001V pH ± 0.1 1 109.82 g 0.969 3.1 2 115.83 g 0.940 3.2 3 110.44 g 0.957 3.1 4 100.17 g 0.947 3.1 Average 109.07 g 0.953 3.1 ★ Biology Data Presentation pH level vs. Mass 3.25 3.20 3.15 pH level 3.10 3.05 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 90.00 110.00 130.00 150.00 Mass (g) 170.00 190.00 ★ Biology Data Presentation Voltage vs. Mass 0.98 0.97 voltage (V) 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 90.00 110.00 130.00 150.00 Mass (g) 170.00 190.00 Biology ★ Conclusion • Both sets of data are randomly scattered • Mass does not effect the voltage output of the lemons Conclusion and Evaluation ★ Physics Statistic values 20W light bulb – 2.5 mg of coal (1 second) • • • • – 2.5 kg of coal (11.5 days) cost: 2.5 RMB 108 lemons can provide the amount of voltage to power 27 LED The light energy given out by 27 LEDs equals to 120W light bulb 234 lemons can provide the amount of voltage to power 120W light bulb 108 lemons (from mainland China) cost 216 RMB Conclusion and Evaluation ★ Physics • Effectiveness of lemon batteries – Individually and in groups Lemon battery Voltage ± 0.1V 1 2 3 0.9 0.9 0.7 2.5 Total voltage • Time factor: – Lemons biodegrade Voltage ± 0.1V Series of batteries 2.1 Conclusion and Evaluation ★ Chemistry • Effects of electrodes on the lemon battery - Surface oxidation - Electrochemistry potential Substance Standard electrode potential Lithium ﹣3.04 Magnesium ﹣2.37 Aluminum ﹣1.66 Zinc ﹣0.76 Iron ﹣0.44 Copper +0.34 Silver +0.80 Conclusion and Evaluation Chemistry • Economic costs for the electrodes Metals Cost (RMB per ton) Magnesium 15.4 thousand Aluminum 15.3 thousand Copper (electrolyze) 59.0 thousand Zinc 16.4 thousand • Effects of acid in lemon on the electrodes - Corrosion of metal • Requirements for the redox reaction - Must be electrically connected - Could be provided by just the lemon juice ★ Conclusion and Evaluation ★ Biology • Lemons can be genetically altered to become smaller in size therefore more space efficient • lemons are only able to bear fruit year round when grown in mild climate • Transportation of lemons • Areas to mass produce lemons 1. Building Greenhouses 2. Opening more areas for plantation 3. Not enough space • Effect of mass production of lemons on other plantation • Use of water Conclusion and Evaluation Biology • Not enough lemons affected accuracy of data 1. Variety of sizes 2. Variety of locations • Time 1. Grow lemons under different conditions (e.g. soil pH) ★ ★