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What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are A 100-year-old technology enhanced by modern materials Based on polarization of an electrolyte, high surface area electrodes, and extremely small charge separation Known as Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors and Supercapacitors What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are Dielectric C = er A/d Minimize (d) Maximize (A) Electrolyte E = 1/2 CV2 Film foil Electrode ECDL Separator Basic Model Series/Parallel configurations Changes capacitor size; profiles are the same Series configurations Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance increases Cs=Ccell/(#of cells in series) Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series) Parallel configurations Capacitance increases, Series Resistance decreases CP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel) RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel) Current controlled Use output current profile to determine dV/dt dV = I * (dt/C + ESR) What is an Ultracapacitor?: Performance Characteristics Ultracapacitors perform mid-way between conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells (batteries) Fast charge and discharge capability Highly reversible process, hundreds of thousands of cycles Lower energy than a battery ~10% of battery energy Greater energy than electrolytic capacitors Excellent low temperature performance Application Model When Can I Use an Ultracapacitor? Applications that require high reliability back-up power solutions Short term bridge power (1 - 60 seconds) for transfer to secondary source or orderly shut down Power quality ride-through momentary severe voltage sags Power buffer for large momentary in-rush or power surges to compensate for Back-Up Power Support Ultracapacitors provide peak power… ...and back-up power. Available Power Required Power Ultracapacitor Backup Power Peak Power Shaving Ultracapacitors provide peak power... Available Power Required Power Ultracapacitor Peak Power Technology Comparison Available Performance Lead Acid Battery Ultracapacitor Conventional Capacitor Charge Time 1 to 5 hours 0.3 to 30 seconds 10-3 to 10-6 seconds Discharge Time 0.3 to 3 hours 0.3 to 30 seconds 10-3 to 10-6 seconds Energy (Wh/kg) 10 to 100 1 to 10 <0.1 Cycle Life 1000 >500000 >500000 Specific Power (W/kg) <1000 <10000 <100000 Charge/discharge efficiency 0.7 to 0.85 0.85 to 0.98 >0.95 Technology Comparison 1000 Fuel Cells 10h 100 Energy Density/[Wh/kg] 0,1h 1h 36sec LiBattery Lead Acid Battery 10 Ni/Cd 3,6sec U/C Double-Layer Capacitors 1 36msec 0,1 Al-Elco 0,36sec 0,01 10 100 1000 Power Density/[W/kg] 10000 Ultracapacitor World Market Consumer Products Industrial Transportation Car Audio Remote Monitoring Hybrid Bus/Truck PDA Handheld Instrumentation Engine Starting Toys Short term Back-up Power Light Hybrid Memory Backup Automation/Robotics Local Power Rail Markets and Applications: Consumer Electronics Market needs include: Miniaturization Burst-mode transmission Compatibility Greater with new/divergent designs functionality due to merging of protocols Markets and Applications: Miniaturization Requires smaller/more efficient devices Burst Mode Transmission Requires compatibility with lower voltage power supplies Uses 1/2 voltage but requires at least 2 times current to maintain same power output Allows for lower cost primary batteries instead of rechargeable batteries Markets and Applications: Ultracapacitor Benefits Price/performance/size improvements Allows batteries to be sized for energy requirements, not power Allows use of alternative, less expensive chemistries Extends device use time by up to 100% Allows primary (non-rechargeable) batteries to be used for lower cost and convenience Allows smaller battery size while still meeting peak power requirements PowerBurst Ultracapacitors: Cells Cylindrical radial leaded devices 0.5 Farad to 100 Farad, with other values on request 2.7 Volts Drop-in replacement to Panasonic, Ness, and others PowerBurst Ultracapacitors: Modules Maxwell parts inside PC5 and PC10 cells Active or Passive balancing 5.0 Volts to 25 Volts standard & customs U.S. design production. Custom circuits and packaging available using PC or TPL cells. and prototyping, Asian Ultracapacitor Aging Unlike batteries, ultracapacitors do not have hard endof-life criteria Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent through a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in resistance End of life is when the capacitance and resistance are out of the application range, and this will differ depending on the application. Therefore, life prediction is easily done UC Benefits Summary Calendar life Cycle life Function of average voltage and temperature Charge acceptance Function of average voltage and temperature Charge as fast as discharge, limited only by heating Temperature High temp; no thermal runaway Low temp; -40°C UC Benefits Summary No fixed VOC Control flexibility; context-dependent voltage is permitted Power source voltage compatibility Examples: Fuel cells, photovoltaics No Vmin Cell can be discharged to 0 Volts Control safety: no over-discharge Service safety UC Benefits Summary Cell voltage management Only required to prevent individual cell over-voltage State of charge and state of health State of charge equals VOC Dynamic measurements for C and EST equals state of health No historical data required Inventory Management Services Warehousing and Material Management N. America & Asia Schedule Share, Demand Pull, Consignment, EDI NPI facility in San Diego for quickturn custom modules. Third Party warehousing Customer specific programs tailored to individual needs