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Equity and Sustainability Roseland and Equity • North/South comparison … fairness • The developed nations need to consider ‘our own poor’ … • Definitional: incorporates an ‘inescapable’ commitment to social equity … Why Equity? • Why is social equity a dimension of sustainability? What is Equity? • Normative: something we ought to have • Distributional and rights-based ethics Ethical Systems and Equity • Equity is usually defined as fairness • Two kinds of fairness – Procedure: procedural ethics (rights-based) – Outcome: consequential ethics (utilitarian and or distributive eg. Rawls) Fairness in Procedure • Participation in decision-making • Democratic governance at the national level • Representation at all levels, stakeholder participation at local levels Fairness in Outcome • Consequential idea of fairness • Distributional • Social systems with ethical consequence – Economics – Planning, public administration and law Ideas of Equity • Utilitarianism and equity … – Greatest good for the greatest number – But in most operational definitions, it is the sum not the distribution that is calculated • Libertarian ethics also have distributional content e.g. Nozick (morally relevant) • Rawl’s ‘Justice as Fairness’ Liberal Ethics • Free, equal and autonomous person • Kantian categorial: Do not do to another • Individual ultimate object of moral concern – it makes a difference to choose to live a life worth living – There are different ideas of the good – The individual as source of change • Procedural involvement, choice, equality Rawls’ Principles • Attempt to combine rights-based with consequential theories (can’t have one without the other) First principle: • Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all Rawls’ Second Principle • Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged … • Equal distribution of both liberties and goods … unless an unequal distribution is to the advantage of those least favored Question • 1. What are the consequential and procedural norms in current planning and development practice? • 2. What are the consequential and procedural norms in SC in the readings we have done so far? Environmental Equity • Currently, environmental equity and inequity approximates larger patterns of social equity and inequity • Environmental justice movement, national and international • Two elements to equity: participation and distribution Intergenerational Equity • Sounds solely utilitarian/consequential • Where is the dimension of autonomy? • ‘dictatorship of the present’ … • Jefferson “the earth belongs in usufruct to the living” (implies no right to harm) Next Class Presentations: Urban Community Redev. and Big Ideas • Community: Readings for next week • Putnam 1995 Bowling Alone – on reserve or online • Blanco 1995 Community and the Four Jewels of Planning – On reserve (articles, from a book)