Download Logical Fallacies

Rhetoric at Work
Rhetoric: art of communicating ideas
Methods: Speech, Writing, Art, Music,
Advertising, and basically any way ideas
can be shared
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Invention
Arrangement
Style
Three Main Ways to Persuade:
• Logos (Logical Appeals)
• Pathos (Emotional Appeals)
• Ethos (Ethical Appeals)
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Invention
Ethos
Pathos
(Credibility)
(Emotion)
Arrangement
Style
LOGOS
(Logical Appeals)
• convince audience using rational
arguments supported with objective
evidence or reasonable assumptions
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because “all men are created
equal” (reasonable assumption) and African people have
the same brain capacity as European people (evidence).
PATHOS
(Emotional Appeals)
• convince audience using specific examples of
emotions such as happiness or suffering, or
potential threats that cause fear
– fear, pity, lust, happiness, worth,
belonging, patriotism
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because no man should have
to feel the fear that he is ruled entirely by another man—
whipped at a whim or seeing his children ripped from his
eyes and sold like cattle. (pity/outrage/disgust)
ETHOS
(Ethical Appeals)
• Convince the audience by the authority of
a person or a group (credibility); relies on
shared moral values and call forth the
audience’s sense of right, justice, and
virtue
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because all of the great men
of our time (authority) realize the moral irresponsibility of
attempting to justify that it is acceptable to treat another
human being in a fashion different from how we would
treat our brother (moral value).
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Invention
Arrangement
Ethos
(Credibility)
Pathos
(Emotion)
Organization / Structure / Form
Diction
(Word Choice)
Style
DICTION
(Word Choice)
• refers to the writer's
or the speaker's
distinctive
vocabulary
choices and style
of expression
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Invention
Arrangement
Diction
(Word Choice)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Pathos
(Emotion)
Organization / Structure / Form
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style
SYNTAX
(Sentence Structure)
• Refers to the principles
and rules for
constructing sentences
in natural languages
(i.e. following
grammatical rules! )
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Invention
Arrangement
Diction
(Word Choice)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Pathos
(Emotion)
Organization / Structure / Form
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style
Imagery
(Senses)
Imagery
(Senses)
• Used in literature to refer
to descriptive language
that evokes sensory
experiences
Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Invention
Arrangement
Diction
(Word Choice)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Pathos
(Emotion)
Organization / Structure / Form
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style
Imagery
(Senses)
Figurative
Language
(Englishy Terms)
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
(Englishy Terms)
• Language that communicates ideas
beyond the literal meaning of words
(Think Beauty and the Beast!)
Jumping for joy!
"Mama said life was
LIKE a box of chocolate,
you never know what
you're gonna get!"
I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!
Methods of Rhetoric
• Elevated Language—develop
serious tone and help ethical
appeals (credibility)
• Rhetorical Question—question where no
answer is expected; posed to show
arguments make the answer obvious
• Repetition—repeating a point tells the
audience what is important
• Parallelism—ideas expressed in the
same way to emphasize importance
• Allusion: indirect reference to a person,
place, event, or literary work with which
the author believes the reader will be
familiar so that a point can be made