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►Biomes ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Tundra *artic *alpineForests*taiga(boreal conifer) *Dedciduous (seeds and nuts) *rainforest-jungle Grasslands grasslands *savannahs *mediterean scrub *California scrub Desert *desert-scrub Freshwater Marine (saltwater) Tundra ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Extremely cold climate Low biotic diversity Simple vegetation structure Limitation of drainage Short season of growth and reproduction Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material Large population oscillations Types of Tundra Artic – ► ► ► ► ► ► ► northern hemisphere extending south to a band of conifer trees. desert-like – percipitation varies liver worts, mosses, grass, low shrubs winter ave. temp -30F*,summer ave. temp. 34-54* (and increasing) Permafrost (frozen soil) – gravel and fine minerals Wildlife- black flies, polar bears, seals, penguins, migratory birds, whales, trout, deep cold water fish/ shell fish: haddock, salmon, king crab, etc. Reptiles and amphibian are few or absent due to cold Artic Tundra Alpine Tundra ► Mountains ► Good soil drainage ► Vegetation similar to artic tundra -tussock grasses, dwarf trees, small-leafed shrubs, and heaths ► Animals well adapted to land- Mammals: pikas, marmots, mountain goats, sheep, elk ► Birds: grouselike birds ► Insects: springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies Alpine Tundra Forests ► Taiga – cone-bearing (near artic pole) – spruce, firs and pines (think X-mas tree) ► Temperate (deciduous forest –loses leaves)oaks, maples, poplar, hickory, ► Rain Forest – jungle ► Animal and plant fauna vary with food source, rainfall and latitude Taiga (Boreal Forest) ► Rain Forests – mountain, swamp-like, jungle Temperate Forest (dedciduous) Desert ► Desert biomes can be classified according to several characteristics. There are four major types of deserts: ► Hot and dry –low humidity & percip. ► Semiarid- 2-4 inches of rain per year ► Coastal –along chile – cold frozen winter ► Cold – snow fall, barren cold environments (artic desert) Deserts Hot/dry Semiarid Cold desert Grassland Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees. There are two main divisions of grasslands: ► Tropical grasslands or savannas ► Temperate grasslands savannah •Savanna Savanna is grassland with scattered individual trees. •cover almost half the surface of Africa (approx. five million square miles- central Africa) and large areas of Australia, South America, and India soil of the savanna is porous, with rapid drainage of water. •Has thin layer of humus (the organic soil created by partial decomposition of plant or animal matter), which provides vegetation with nutrients • Temperate Grassland ► Dominant fauna is grass ► Have hot summers and cold winters ► Rainfall is moderate ► Like savannahs, fire is an important restorer of nutrients ► a few trees, such as cottonwoods, oaks, and willows grow in river valleys, and some nonwoody plants, specifically a few hundred species of flowers, grow among the grasses. Savannah and temperate grasslands African Savannah Animals: zebra, elephants, antelopes, giraffe, hyena, lions, etc. Colorado Temperate Grassland Animals: bison, prairie dogs, antelope, grouse, meadow larks Freshwater ► Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration — usually less than 1% salt ► Freshwater species have adapted to low or no salt environments ► There are different types of freshwater regions: ► Ponds and lakes ► Streams and rivers ► Wetlands Ponds and Lakes ► Can be small (ponds < 3 acres) or very large (Great Lakes> 1000 km) ► Many ponds are seasonal, lasting just a couple of months (such as sessile pools) while lakes may exist for hundreds of years or more. ► Lakes and ponds are divided into three different “zones” from closest to shore to farthest out – littoral zone (shallow-warm), limnetic (middle-currents), profundal (dense and deep) Ponds and Lakes Rivers and Streams ► These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction ► Streams and rivers can be found everywhere ► they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or the ocean Streams and Rivers Wetlands ► Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants ► Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. ► Wetlands have the highest species diversity of all ecosystems ► Wetlands are not considered freshwater ecosystems as there are some, such as salt marshes, that have high salt concentrations Wetlands