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Introduction to the Plant Kingdom copyright cmassengale 1 Early Ancestors Aquatic to Terrestrial Life copyright cmassengale 2 Aquatic Ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans copyright cmassengale Chara 3 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle copyright cmassengale 4 Aquatic Habitat Terrestrial Habitat copyright cmassengale 5 Living in Aquatic Environments Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H2O copyright cmassengale 6 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Gravity Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H2O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen copyright cmassengale containing sperm 7 How Are Plants All Alike? copyright cmassengale 8 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) copyright cmassengale 9 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue copyright cmassengale 10 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte copyright cmassengale 11 Alternation of Generations Gametophyte 2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophyte Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs) copyright cmassengale 12 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale 13 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles copyright cmassengale 14 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem copyright cmassengale 15 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage Moss Gametophytes & copyright cmassengale Sporophytes 16 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets copyright cmassengale 17 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Liverworts copyright cmassengale Hornworts 18 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant copyright cmassengale 19 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -Seedless vascular plants and Seedbearing vascular plants copyright cmassengale Club Moss 20 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Whisk ferns copyright cmassengale Horsetails 21 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale 22 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgo Cycad Ginkgo copyright cmassengale 23 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale 24 Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale 25 copyright cmassengale 26 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons copyright cmassengale 27 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale 28 Dicots Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale 29 Plant Uses copyright cmassengale 32 Why We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Used for food copyright cmassengale 33 More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes copyright cmassengale 34 Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 Through genetic engineering, scientists are now able to duplicate one organism’s DNA and place a certain gene from the DNA into the cells of another species of plant or animal. This technology enables scientists to give plants and animals a new trait that can then be passed on to future generations. There are two methods to introduce new DNA into plant cells. Continued on the next slide copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1, continued In one method, DNA is first placed inside a special bacterium, which carries the DNA into the plant cell. In the second method, microscopic particles of metal are coated with the new DNA and fired into the plant cells with a device called a gene gun. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do? A to breed better plants B to move genes from one organism to another C to see a very small object without a microscope D to grow plants without soil copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do? A to breed better plants B to move genes from one organism to another C to see a very small object without a microscope D to grow plants without soil copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean? F DNA G future generations H group of organisms I genes copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean? F DNA G future generations H group of organisms I genes copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells? A by bacteria and fungi B by bacteria and a gene gun C by fungi and a gene gun D by particles of metal and a gene gun copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells? A by bacteria and fungi B by bacteria and a gene gun C by fungi and a gene gun D by particles of metal and a gene gun copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 The main function of leaves is photosynthesis, or the production of food. However, some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis. For example, the leaves on a cactus plant are modified as spines. These spines discourage animals from eating the cactus. The leaves of another plant, the sundew, are modified to catch insects. Sundews live in areas with nitrogenpoor soil. They don’t get enough nitrogen from the soil to meet their needs. So, the plants use their modified leaves to catch insects. Then, the sundews digest the insects to get the nitrogen they need to survive. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food. copyright 1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves. B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food. C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants. D Photosynthesis is how plants get food. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses? F They discourage animals from eating them. G They catch insects for nitrogen. H They function mainly for photosynthesis. I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses? F They discourage animals from eating them. G They catch insects for nitrogen. H They function mainly for photosynthesis. I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects? A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil. B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them. C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive. D They have leaves that are modified as spines. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects? A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil. B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them. C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive. D They have leaves that are modified as spines. copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation Interpreting Graphics This pie graph shows the distribution of four types of plants. Use the pie graph to answer the questions that follow. copyright Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 12 1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common? A ferns and their relatives B mosses and their relatives C angiosperms D gymnosperms copyright Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 12 1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common? A ferns and their relatives B mosses and their relatives C angiosperms D gymnosperms copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1% G 10% H 20% I 80% copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1% G 10% H 20% I 80% copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives? A 1% B 10% C 20% D 80% copyright Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation 3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives? A 1% B 10% C 20% D 80% copyright Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 12 4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses? F 2,650 species G 13,250 species H 26,500 species I 212,000 species copyright Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 12 4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses? F 2,650 species G 13,250 species H 26,500 species I 212,000 species copyright