Download 07. MP and MPM that contain steroidal saponins

Herbs and herbs raw
stuff that contain
steroidal saponins
Planner
1. Determination of saponins and their
classification.
2. Physico-chemical properties of saponins.
3. Distribution of saponins and their biological
functions in plants.
4. MP and MPM that contain saponins.
Saponins (Latin sapo, soap) are characterized
by their property of producing a frothing
aqueous solution, possessing a high surface
activity. They also have haemolytic properties,
and then injected into the blood stream are
highly toxic. They can cause the death of cold
blooded animals such as frogs, worms and fish
even in 1:1000000 dilution. Their molecule
consists of the aglycone called sapogenin and
carbohydrates
(sugars).
Mevalonic
acid
origin.
Saponins are glycosylated at C3 and sometimes, the alkil side
chain is changed into a -COOH group, which may be
esterified by a sugar portion. Sugar parts of saponins are often
containing uronic acid or acyl residues-
According to the structure of aglycone saponins are classified:
SAPONINS
Steroidal


Spirostanol type
Furostanol type
Triterpenoidal
Pentacyclic
(ursane, oleanane)
Tetracyclic type
(cycloartane, dammarane)
Steroidal saponins
1. Spirostanol type of sapogenin
Iso-line monodesmoside
Normal line monodesmoside
cyclopentane perhydrophenanthrene
2. Furostanol type
Furostanol type (bidesmoside)
Pentacyclic type
β-amyrin
Oleanane
α-amyrin
Ursane
Tetracyclic type
Cycloartane
Dammarane
Saponin Isolation Methods
1. The plant material is extracted either with water or
methanol, or aqueous methanol under reflux.
2. The extract is concentrated followed by precipitation with:
- ether, or acetone;
- lead acetate in case of acidic saponins;
- or basic lead acetate in case of neutral saponins followed by
decomposition with acid.
3. The individual saponin glycosides are separated by using
different chromatographic methods.
Qualitative Tests for Saponin Glycosides
1. Reactions, which are based on physical properties of saponins Froth test.
2. Reactions, which are based on biological properties- Haemolysis
test.
3. Reactions, which are based on chemical properties of saponins:
a) a reaction with 10 % of basic and neutral acetate of lead; in the
presence of triterpenoidal saponins residue with the neutral acetate
of lead is formed and in the presence of steroidal ones- with the
basic acetate of lead;
b)a reaction with 10 % solution of copper sulphate, a residue
of brick-red colour is formed;
c) a reaction with hydrate of barium oxide: a residue of white
colour is formed;
d) a reaction with 1% alcohol cholesterol solution - a residue
is formed.
To the colour reactions on saponins belong the following
reactions:
a) a reaction of Liebermann-Burchard: a dry residue of the extract
is dissolved in acetic acid and the mixture of acetic anhydride and
concentrated sulphuric acid is added. After that the colouring
changes from pink through green to blue;
b) a reaction with chloroform and concentrated sulphuric acid;
a yellow ring is formed, which becomes purple- red, then purple;
c) a reaction of Lafon (with concentrated sulphuric aiid, ethyl
alcohol and 10 % solution of sulphuric acidic), bluish green
colouring is formed:
d) a reaction with 1% of sodium nitrite and concentrated sulphuric
acidl blood red colouring is formed.
For qualitative identification of saponins paper
chromatography
is used. TLC is also used
Quantitative Determination of Saponin Glycosides
1. Gravimetric Method: The saponin glycosides are
precipitated using saturated Ba(OH)2 solution, the resulted
complex is filtered and he precipitate is dried and weighed to
the constant weight. The residue is then ignited and weighted
after ignition, then the weight after ignition is subtracted from
the original weight to give weight of saponin content.
2. Foam Index: the dilution of the drug that gives a layer of
foam of 1 cm height at 15 sec shaking, which is evaluated
after 15 min standing.
3. Fish Index: It is reciprocal to the dilution that kills 60 % of
the fish at one hour.
4. Haemolltic Inder It is the greatest dilution of saponin
solution that produces total haemolysis
Steroidal saponins



Steroidal saponins are less widely distributed in nature
than the triterpenoid saponins. Some species of
Strophantus and Digitalis contain both steroidal
saponins and cardiac glycosides.
Steroidal saponins are found in plants of such families
as: Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae,
Schrophulariaceae, Zygophyllaceae etc.
Steroidal saponins are of great pharmaceutical
importance because of their relationship to compounds
such as the sex hormones, cortisone, diuretic steroids,
vitamin D and the cardiac glycosides. Some are used as
starting materials for the synthesis of these compounds.
Triterpenoid saponins

In many triterpenoid saponins oleanolic acid is
sapogenin. They are abundant in many
dicotyledonous families, particularly the
Caryophyllaceae, Sapindaceae, Polygalaceae and
Sapotaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae,
Araliaceae, Rubiaceae and Compositeae.
Altogether some 70 families are involved.
Uses of Saponins
1. Steroidal sapogenins are used in production of
cortisone and
sex hormones (parlial synthesis).
2. Saponins showed diverse array of medicinal uses such
as expectorant,
immunostimulant, and antiatherosclerotic.
3. Saponins are used in cleaning industrial equipment
and fine
fabrics.
4. They are used as a powerful emulsifier
Dioscoreae rhizomata cum radicibus
Wild Yam rhizome with root
Dioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea vilosa
Wild Yam, Makino, China root, Devil’s Bones
Dioscoreaceae


Constituents. Saponins,
including dioscin (aglycone
diosgenin); isoquinuclidine
alkaloids, including dioscorin.
Starch, calcium oxalate, etc.
Uses. Wild Yam has an
antispasmodic, and a mild
diaphoretic effect. MPM is used
as a precursor for manufacturing
progesterone and oestrogen.
Dioscin
Gracylin
Diosgenin
Polisponin – dry extract of
Dioscoreae rhizomata cum radicibus
Decrease the level of cholesterol,
increase the phospholipid content in blood.
Antisclerous tool which is particularly
effective in patients with early disease.
Lowers blood pressure.
Agavae folia
Agava Americana- Century plant
Agavaceae


Constituents. Leaves contain
steroidal saponins- hecogenin,
manogenin, hitogenin.
Hecogenin
Uses. Leaves are used for the
production of steroidal hormones.
Yuccae filamentosae folia –
Adam’s needle leaf
Yucca filamentosa L. – Adam’s needle
Agavaceae
Constituens.
Steroidal saponins:
protoyuccoside C, yuccoside B,
yuccoside C, yuccoside E, aglycones
including sarsasapogenin, tigogenin.
sarsasapogenin
Uses. The plant is used for liver and
gallbladder disorders.
Tribuli terrestris herba
Tribulus terrestris
Zygophyllaceae
Bindii, bullhead, burra gokharu,
caltrop, cat's head, devil's eyelashes,
devil's thorn, devil's weed, goathead,
puncturevine, and tackweed.


Constituents. Steroidal
glycosides (2%) and dioscine,
tihogenin, hecogenin and
gracyllin are among them;
flavonoid glycosides, tannins,
ascorbic acid.
Uses. Liquid extract has diuretic,
antisclerotic and hypotensive
effects, stimulates secretion of
gastric juice. Tribusponin is used
for prevention and treatment of
atherosclerosis. Drugs also have
anabolic properties (tribestan).

Foenugraeci semina
Fenugreek seed
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Fenugreek (Greek Hay Seed, Bird’s Foot)
Fabaceae
Constituents. Steroidal saponins
(1.2-1.5 %), including
trigofoenosides A to G, aglycones
including diosgenin, yamogenin,
gitogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin,
yuccagenin; flavonoids
(isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin,
vitexin; trigonelline (derivative
from nicotinic acid); volotile oil
(0,01 %); fatty oil contains lecetin
and phiten; mucalages (25-45 %)
(mannogalactans); proteins (25-30
%).
Uses. Main application is for the production of steroidal hormones.
Extract is part of Phytolysin. The ground drug is employed in
domestic medicine for the preparation of poultices, enemata, and
plasters; in veterinary cattle and condition powders.
Rhapontici carthamoides radix et
rhizoma
Rhaponticum carthamoides
Maral root
Asteraceae
Constituent main ones
are
suggested
to
be
ents:
the
ecdysteroids, which have been
reported
to
exhibit
anabolic
activities. According to secondary
sources, many ecdysteroids are
growth hormones in insects.
Ecdysone
Also herb contains alkaloids, schugars, essential oils, inulin, tannic
substances, gums, organic acids.
Uses. Traditionally, Eastern European and Russian field and track
athletes have used Leuzea carthamoides root extracts to recover from
strenuous training and boost muscle mass more quickly (anabolic
activity). Chinese athletes have also been reported to use Leuzea
carthamoides root to increase their strength and improve recovery time
after intense training. Anecdotally, herbal preparations containing Leuzea
carthamoides root were taken by some Olympic athletes as recently as
2002.
Admax™ Energy Formula - 90 capsules
SKU: SUPPLEMENTS
Ingredients: Leuzea carthamoides root extract, Rhodiola
rosea root extract, Eleutherococcus senticosus root extract,
Schisandra chinensis
berry extract.
Adaptogens
that can increase the
body's resistance to
stress factors and help
it adapt to stressful
conditions.
Leuza carthamoides root extract – This herb replenishs the
depleted mental and structural physical body reserves exhausted
during hard training and help rebuild damaged tissue.
Rhodiola rosea root extract - It encourages a healthy stress response
to physical, mental and emotional challenges while improving the
immune
system
and
the
cardiovascular
system.
Eleutherococcus senticosus root extract – This herb enhances
physical and mental vitality and endurance, helps with lower back or
kidney pain, boosts concentration and focus, handles fatigue,
enhances
immunity,
helps
prevent
adrenal
burnout.
Schisandra chinensis berry extract – Calms the nerves, increases
vitality,enhances the energy of the kidney and liver,supports memory
and sexual endurance.
Neurovitan is the tablets of Russian production:
1 tabletes contains: the extracts from Rosae fructus ,
Hyperici herba, Aroniae melanocarpae fructus ,
Rhapontici carthamoides radix et rhizoma , propolis,
Calendulae officinalis flores .
Neurovitan promotes cerebral circulation of blood and
oxidation-reduction processes in the body. It’s used at
the disease of Central nervous system, associated with
both ischemic and with primary organic lesions of the
brain tissue.