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Agronomic Weeds - 2
CS 414
Weed Science Laboratory
Smallflower morningglory
Jacquemontia tamnifolia
Convolvulaceae
Summer annual, light blue flowers in
clusters.
Rounded cotyledons, resemble
mustard
Hairs on leaf margins, sometimes on
blade.
Red morningglory
Ipomoea coccinea
Convolvulaceae
Hairless, maroon hypocotyls.
Cotyledons somewhat lobed, rounded points,
tinted maroon, especially around margins.
Leaves with “points” along base of blade.
Flowers dark red, long, tubular (color distinct).
Fruit is a capsule (all MG).
Ivyleaf morningglory
Ipomoea hederacea
Convolvulaceae
Cotyledons notched at apex, shallower notch
than I. lacunosa.
First true leaf is distinctly lobed, adult leaves
have ivy-shape.
Upright hairs along leaves, stems, petioles.
Flowers blue to purple.
Entireleaf morningglory
Ipomea hederacea var. integriuscula
Convolvulaceae
Heart-shaped leaves, hairy stand straight-up
on leaf blade.
Cotyledons have rounded points, moderately
indented.
Petals purple to pale blue, sometimes white,
funnel-shaped or tubular flower.
Pitted morningglory
Ipomoea lacunosa
Convolvulaceae
Cotyledons deeply lobed, forming a ‘V’, glabrous.
Stems and leaves slightly hairy.
Apex of leaves extended. Leaves appear outlined
with maroon.
White flowers.
Tall morningglory
Ipomoea purpurea
Convolvulaceae
Moderate indention on cotyledons. Lobes are rounded.
Cotyledons most “boxed” of all MG. First true leave and
onward are heart-shaped.
Leave bases over-lap at petiole-leaf connection (unlike I.
lacunosa).
Stems appressed on leaf blade.
Purple flowers.
ladysthumb
Polygonum persicaria
Polygonaceae
Elliptic cotyledons with hairs along margins.
True leaves alternate, lanceolate.
Blades may have a purple watermark (resembles
a lady’s thumb print).
Fibrous roots.
Purple flower spike.
Ocrea has stiff hairs unlike P. pensylvanicum.
Pennsylvania smartweed
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonaceae
Cotyledons and leaves similar to P.
persicaria. NO hairs on ocrea.
Stems are swollen at nodes and have
reddish cast.
Found in wet locations of fields.
Solanum carolinense
horsenettle
Solanaceae
Perennial
Stiff hairs on oblong cotyledons.
Rhizomatous. Light purple flowers.
Spines on leaf blade. All parts
poisonous, except mature fruit.
Light purple flowers. Fruit is a berry.
Stems angled at nodes, extremely
tough. Woody when older.
Plant resembles cultivated eggplant.
Wild radish
Raphanus raphanistratum
Brassicaceae
Winter annual. May germinate in spring or
early summer.
Heart-shaped cotyledons. First true leaves
are hairy & lobed. Toothed margins on all
leaves.
Stiff hairs on all leaves.
Plant grows as basal rosette.
Fruit is a silique (resembles a pod, but with
central partition).
Yellow flowers on hairy stems.
Carolina geranium
Geranium carolinianum
Geraninaceae
Biennial or winter or summer annual.
Cotyledons hairy, kidney shaped.
Basal rosette until upright stems and flowers develop.
Stems to 28”, pink to red with dense hairs.
Leaves hairy on upper and lower blade.
Deeply divided with lobes on each division.
Flowers light pink to purple, clustered at end of
stems.
Fruit resembles a crane’s bill.
Leaves rolled in the bud
(i.e. smooth crabgrass)
Leaves folded in the bud
(i.e. goosegrass)
Common Name: broadleaf signalgrass
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Brachiaria
Species: platyphylla
summer annual
•no hairs on leaf blades except margins
•leaf sheaths hairy, often maroon
•ligule is a narrow membrane fringed
with hairs
•rooting stem nodes
•short blades stick out from stem
Common Name: crowfoot grass
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Dactyloctenium
Species: aegyptium
annual
Hairs extend outward from the margins
at even spacing, rest of the plant
usually hairless
Seedhead resembles a crow’s foot
Ligule is fringed, membranous at base
Common Name: barnyardgrass
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Echinochloa
Species: crus-galli
Summer annual
•No ligule
•Leaf blades glabrous, may have a few hairs
at the base
•White midvein on leaf blades
Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorum
Poaceae
Winter annual to 3 ft. Weed of small grains.
Leaf sheaths are tinged red at base.
Rolled vernation.
Claw-like auricles at collar. Membranous
ligule.
Lower leaf blade glossy.
Flower is a spike with alternately arranged awns.
Common Name: fall panicum
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Panicum
Species: dichotomiflorum
Summer annual
•stem will bend at the nodes = zig-zag
growth pattern
•ligule is a fringe of hairs often fused at
the base
•prominent white midvein on leaf blades
•hairs on lower surface of leaf blades as
seedling, glabrous when mature
Texas panicum
Panicum texanum
Poaceae
Spreading summer annual.
Soft hairs on sheaths and blades.
Membranous ligule with fringe of hairs.
Seedhead a narrow panicle.
May root at lower stem nodes.
Common Name: giant foxtail
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Setaria
Species: faberi
Summer annual
•upper surface of leaves covered in
short hairs, except at the base
• ligule fringe of hairs
•seedhead larger than green or
yellow foxtail, and droops when
mature
Common Name: yellow foxtail
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Setaria
Species: glauca
Summer annual
•long, silky hairs near leaf base only
(distinguish from giant and green)
•ligule is a fringe of hairs
•Seedhead yellow
Common Name: green foxtail
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Setaria
Species: viridis
Summer annual
•leaves have no hairs
•ligule is a fringe of hairs
•seedhead greenish
Common Name: shattercane
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Sorghum
Species: bicolor
Summer annual
•Leaf blades wider and
longer than johnsongrass
when mature
•No rhizomes, does tiller
•Large, membranous ligule
Common Name: johnsongrass
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Sorghum
Species: halepense
perennial
•has rhizomes
•very large, membranous ligule
•leaf blades mostly glabrous, a few
hairs may appear near the base
•prominent white midvein on blades
•may reach 6.5 feet tall!