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Exam Review
Part 3
Animals: Structure and Function
Body Systems
1. Know the diagrams of the
1. Heart
2. Respiratory system
3. Digestive system
2. Know the organs of each system and their
function.
3. Be able to compare digestive, respiratory and
circulatory system of animals and
invertebrates.
4. Know the structure and function of blood
Plants
1.
Know the structure of an angiosperm
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
Know the function of plant tissues
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Leaves
Stem
Roots
Flower
Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma
Be able to discuss some adaptations that roots, leaves and
stems have to cope with certain environments
Compare and contract Monocots and Dicots
Be able to explain the process of reproduction in an
angiosperm and a gymnosperm
Plant growth
1.
2.
External factors affecting
Internal factors affecting
1.
Auxin. Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, ABA
Fig. 5.1
Plants
•
•
•
•
•
Structure
Reproduction
Growth
Factors affecting growth
Succession
Leaves
Roots
Stem
Flower
Primary Growth
Plants continue to grow in height for their entire lives.
• Increase in height comes
from apical meristems.
– Regions of actively dividing
cells found at the tips of
plants
– Buds, stems, roots
• Growth from apical
meristems is called primary
growth.
• Always increases the
height, not the width, of a
plant.
Secondary Growth
• Arises from the
lateral meristems
(cambium).
– Areas of actively
dividing tissue in
stems and roots.
• Increases the width
of a plant.
Auxins
• Apical stem is main site of synthesis
• Primary role: promote cell elongation
• Also…
• Can inhibit cell division in some tissues.
• Stimulates cell division in vascular cambium.
• Helps regulate gravitropism.
• How auxin and
phototropism causes
the plant to grow in the
direction of the sun.
• The auxin collects on the
dark side of the shoot;
therefore, more growth
will occur on this side of
the plant. The shoot will
gradually lean towards the
sun.
Gibberellins…
• Promotes cell division and elongation in
plant shoots.
• Plays a role in flowering and fruit
formation.
• Can be used commercially to stimulate
seed germination.
Cytokinins…
• Promotes cell division and leaf mesophyll
growth.
• Found in meristems, young leaves and
growing seeds (actively dividing).
• Slow cell aging by inhibiting protein break
down and stimulating protein synthesis.
Ethylene…
• A gas produced at various stages of
development
• Causes changes that protect plant against
environmental stress
• Ie stimulates plants to lose leaves in drought
(prevent water loss)
• Regulates the growth of plant roots and shoots
around obstacles
• Stimulates fruit ripening, root and shoot
growth, cell differentiation, flower opening,
leaf and fruit drop…
Abscisic Acid (ABA)…
• Primary role: Inhibit growth
• Levels increase in response to seasonal
changes
– Maintains dormancy in leaf buds and seeds
– Dormant plants are less vulnerable to damage
• Controlling the closing of stomata in dry
conditions.
– Dry leaves wilt inducing the production of ABA
which diffuses into guard cells inducing them to
close