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Orders Hemiptera Homoptera Isoptera Phthiraptera HEMIPTERA "hemi“ = half + "ptera" = wings “True Bugs” HEMIPTERA • Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from FRONT of head • Scutellum triangular and large • Front wings: basal half leathery and apical half membranous (HEMELYTRA) • Wings lie flat on the back at rest ("X“) HEMIPTERA Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) egg, nymph, adult HEMIPTERA Broad range of habitats: Terrestrial Aquatic Semi-aquatic HEMIPTERA And food preferences… Terrestrial species: • Phytophagous – seeds and plants • Scavengers – detritus, scraps • Predaceous – other arthropods • Parasitic - vertebrates Aquatic species: Predaceous HEMIPTERA Economic Importance • Pests of many crop plants • Predatory species are generally regarded as beneficial • Human diseases (Chagas disease) • Bed bugs can inflict annoying bites HOMOPTERA "homo-" = uniform + "ptera" = wings “Plant Bugs” Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Treehoppers, Cicadas, Aphids,Whiteflies, Scales HOMOPTERA • Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from POSTERIOR margin of the head • Front wings: homogeneous texture • Wings held roof-like over abdomen • Phytophagous HOMOPTERA Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) egg, nymph, adult HOMOPTERA APHIDS • Antennae long and thread-like • Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Wings present or absent • Presence of cornicles • Soft-bodied HOMOPTERA APHIDS Economic Importance • Honeydew – attracts other insects, stimulates growth of sooty molds, creates a sticky mess • Feeding damage • Disease vectoring • Plant galls HOMOPTERA SCALES • Antennae long and thread-like • Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Wings present or absent • Many are serious pests HOMOPTERA CICADAS • Antennae short and bristlelike • Piercing-sucking mouthparts rising at BACK of head • Front wings membranous, at rest wings folded roof-like over the abdomen HOMOPTERA CICADAS (CONT) • Males possess an abdominal tymbal that vibrates in a resonant chamber on the abdomen • Females oviposit in twigs and stems (damage) HOMOPTERA LEAFHOPPERS • Antennae short and bristle-like • Piercing-sucking mouthparts rising at BACK of head • Front wings membranous, at rest wings folded roof-like over the abdomen HOMOPTERA LEAFHOPPERS Economic Importance • Many important pests • Damage by: • Ovipositing in green twigs • Removing sap and chlorophyll from leaves • Inhibiting growth of leaves, causing curling and stunting ISOPTERA iso = equal + ptera = wing Termites / White Ants Social Insects Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult) Social Insects Reproductives Soldiers Workers Workers & Soldiers 1. Body pale in color, somewhat ant-like in appearance but with broad junction between thorax and abdomen 2. Head large and cylindrical, or small and round 3. Antennae beaded 4. Mouthparts chewing; sometimes with large mandibles Adults (Reproductives) 1. Body may be darkly pigmented 2. Head well-developed, with chewing mouthparts and beaded antennae 3. Compound eyes present 4. 2 pairs of membranous wings, similar in shape and size; wings are shed after mating Only paurometabolous insects that exhibit true social behavior. They build large communal nests that house an entire colony. Ecological role Termites are an important part of the community of decomposers. They are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments where they help break down and recycle up to one third of the annual production of dead wood. Economic importance Termites become economic pests when their appetite for wood and wood products extends to human homes, building materials, forests, and other commercial products. In the United States alone, annual losses due to termite infestations are estimated at more than 800 million dollars. Phthiraptera Two suborders: Mallophaga Anoplura Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult) Suborder: MALLOPHAGA (Chewing lice) 1. Head broad, wider than or same size as the thorax 2. Chewing mouthparts 3. Antennae short 4. Eyes reduced or absent 5. Tarsi 1- or 2-segmented, most species have TWO small claws Suborder: ANOPLURA (Sucking lice) 1. Head conical, narrower than thorax 2. Piercing-sucking mouthparts 3. Antennae short, 3- to 5-segmented 4. Eyes reduced or absent 5. Tarsi usually 1-segmented with ONE large claw Secondarily Wingless Pterygotes Economic Importance Sucking lice (Anoplura) are responsible for the spread of disease in humans and domestic animals. - relapsing fever - epidemic typhus - trench fever Economic Importance Chewing lice (Mallophaga) are parasites of domestic animals, especially poultry. - severe skin irritation - weight loss - reduced egg production