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An Introduction To Ecology Chapter 50 • Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment. • Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors. • (pg. 1092) • Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area. • Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area. • Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors. • Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems. • (pg. 1094) • Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil. • Type of each will determine what can live there. • Temperature and water are biggest factors. • Biomes – major types of ecosystems. • Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc. Aquatic biomes • 2 types – marine and freshwater. • Stratified vertically – photic zone (light) and aphotic zone (little light). • Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food is detritus that falls from above. • (pg. 1111) http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg • Freshwater – close to shore – littoral zone. • Open water – limnetic zone. • ALakes classified by nutrients – 1eutrophic – shallow and nutrient-rich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and nutrientpoor. • (pg. 1107) Oligotrophic lake http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg Eutrophic lake http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg • BWetlands – area covered with water; supports plants. • CEstuaries – area where freshwater meets ocean. • Intertidal zone – land meets water. • DCoral reefs – dominated by coral. • (pg. 1109-1111) Wetlands http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg Estuary http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg Coral Reef http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg • EOceanic pelagic biome – away from shore. • Abyssal zone – lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms. • (pg. 1112) Abyssal zone http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG Terrestrial biomes • Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom. • ATropical forest – little light reaches ground because of deep canopy. • Rainfall determines life in area. Tropical Forest In Madagascar http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg • BSavanna – scattered trees and grasses. • Fire helps increase diversity. • Has rainy season. • CTemperate grassland – seasonal drought, fires prevent tree growth. • Most used for farming. Savanna http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg Grasslands http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg • DDeserts – sparse rain, some are cold. • Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis) • EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires. Desert http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg Chaparral http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg • FTemperate deciduous forest – small mammals, leaves fall during autumn. • GConiferous forest – cone-bearing trees, trees have needles. • HTundra – permafrost covers ground, low diversity. Deciduous forest http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG Coniferous forest http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg Tundra http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif