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Download PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION D Jones Plant Cell Types parenchyma – metabolism – storage – contain plastids that store starch – support with growth sclerenchyma – support without growth – two forms fibers (flax and hemp) sclereids (nutshells) store Xylem water conducting dead at maturity – tracheids • long, thin, tapered ends – vessel elements • wider, shorter, thin walled, less tapered Phloem food conducting live at maturity – sieve-tube members • Have sieve plates – companion cells Tissue Systems dermal – epidermis tightly packed cells cover and protect vascular – xylem & phloem transport & support ground – mostly parenchyma photosynthesis, storage & support – collenchyma – sclerenchyma Plant Systems roots Stems leaves flowers & seeds Functions of Roots absorb water and nutrients anchor plants conduct water and nutrients store food Types of Roots fibrous roots – mat of thread-like roots – just below soil surface – found in monocots tap roots – one long root – deep into soil – found in dicots Root Cross Section Monocot epidermis cortex endodermis xylem pericycle Dicot xylem phloem cortex Tissue Characteristics & Functions Tissue Characteristics Function Cortex Cellular spaces for aeration Stores starch endodermis Tightly packed produce suberin(creates water barrier called casparian strip Control movement of water into center of root and prevent outward movement Root hairs give surface area for absorption Functions of Stems transport materials support storage Types of Stems Herbaceous – in annuals – green (photosynthesize) – pliable Woody – in perennials – have bark – inflexible Stem Cross Sections monocot vessel element (xylem) air space phloem dicot phloem xylem Tissue functions epidermis – produces waxy cuticle of cutin to protect from water loss cortex – ground tissue containing chloroplasts vascular cylinder – xylem, phloem and pith Woody Stem periderm cork cambium cortex phloem xylem vascular cambium pith Tissue functions vascular cambium – produces new xylem and phloem periderm (bark or cork)– protects from water loss cork cambium – produces periderm Sapwood – outermost water-conducting xylem Heartwood – innermost supporting xylem Leaf Functions photosynthesis – food production Functions of Leaves photosynthesis Types of Leaves Simple compound – Pinnate – palmate Leaf Cross Section Tissue Functions epidermis – covered by waxy cuticle of cutin that limits water loss palisade mesophyll – specialized for photosynthesis – tightly packed spongy mesophyll – air spaces allow gas exchange guard cells – open and close stomata to allow gas exchange and limit water loss vascular bundles – transport of water and food Stomata Functioning guard cells have thicker cell walls near the stomata when water moves into guard cells they expand and open when water moves out the guard cells close Factors that Affect Stomata temperature – stomata close limiting water loss when the temperature is high CO2 concentration – stomata open when CO2 is low allowing photosynthesis day/night – stomata open during the day and close at night Flowers and Seeds reproduction Flower structure Functions of Flower Parts petals – attract birds and insects sepals – protect flower buds stamen – male structures that produce pollen pistil – female structures tha produce ovules Seeds Tissue Functions seed coat - protection Endosperm - storage Cotyledon - storage epicotyl – becomes shoot tip hypocotyl – becomes shoot radical – becomes root Monocot /Dicot Comparison
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